International Journal of Political Science
Volume:8 Issue: 1, spring 2018

This paper examines the dialectical nature of globalization and the rise of populism incontemporary world politics. Unequivocally, thesubject of globalization has become one of the preponderant issues in the 21st century.UsingLibrary Research Methods, the paperscrutinizes the inherent contradictions in the globalizedworld alongside the resurgence of populism in the developed world. This work contends that the new wave of protectionism and populism by the engineers and architects of globalizationrepudiates the logic of globalization and is itself contradictory. It finds that theunprecedented backlash of globalization servespopulist individuals and groups as atangible claim to justify their anti-global aspirations in appealing to the people againstestablished global agents and institutions. It concludes that, although the backlash of globalizationhas been used by ambitious populists promise a quick fix, theincreasing vulnerability of the international system cannot be resolved by clinging to national pedigrees as the ultimate solution. The problems and challenges of current globalization are problems without passport and demand solutions beyond borders through the same logic of globalization.It recommends the realization of sustainable development goals as a reasonable point ofdeparture for national, regional and international bodies.

Non-Refoulement is one of the most basic rights known for asylum seekers, which means that no asylum seeker should be returned to the country where there is a reasonable fear that the person would be harassed. This principle, which is non-violable and a jus cogent rule, is mentioned in many international instruments, and many countries respect this right; the European Union, both due to the accession of all its members to the international instruments accepting non-refoulement and because of its own instruments, is obliged to adhere to such a principle. However, in practice and when confronted with the flood of Syrian asylum seekers, the EU has entered into an agreement with Turkey and, based on the first paragraph of the treaty, EU returns all Syrian asylum seekers to Turkey, assuming Article 38 of the instruction on admission conditions as the legal basis for its action. However, since Turkey is not considered a safe place for asylum seekers, Article 38 of the instruction does not apply to it; consequently, the right to non-Refoulement of asylum seekers is violated by this agreement.

Modern state as a critical institution and, of course, a social phenomenon didn’t emerge acci-dentally in Iran, but rather originated from a complex set of intellectual and concrete conditions. With execution and operationalization of various action plans under the process of moderniza-tion in political and societal area, Reza Shah’s new state sought to initiate structural transfor-mations and establishment of a new division of labor in the society that was required for state-building. Following these action plans, the military power of government seriously enforced and local governors, who enjoyed considerable authority in Qajar period, eliminated completely so as to develop a centralized governance of modern state as a united authority structure. As a re-sult of such incorporation of previously fragmented social institutions, a kind of modern state in an authoritative and absolute sense existed in Iran and consequently redefined the Iranian identi-ty in a distinctive form that was predominantly based on nation-state ideology. Accordingly, by using a descriptive-analytic method, this article tries to find a convincing answer for the ques-tion that: how could we explain the raise of modern state in Iran by application of Durkheim’s theory Division of labor. Therefore, the hypothesis implies that given the increasing qualita-tive/quantitative extension of social arena and development of professional-occupational fields, as well as transformation of social structures toward a partial integration in global system politi-cally and economically, new institutions with differentiated functions appeared that facilitated the very modern state-building in Iran at the time of Reza Shah’s rule.

One of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations General Assembly for Gov-ernments is to move towards decentralized local governments, which are the most important mechanism for achieving a lasting improvement in service provision. Accordingly, the estab-lishment of local institutions in Iran, such as Islamic councils, including local inclination and administrative decentralization are considered and discussed in the form of public participation. Due to the formation of local councils in Iran in 1998, paying attention to the various dimen-sions of the councils is of particular importance. The present article intends to criticize the pathological factors that have caused inefficiency in the performance of Islamic councils in Iran. In this regard, this hypothesis was tested that in addition to the weakness of the performance of the councils in attracting people's participation, organizational; administrative; and executive weaknesses and the politicization of the councils have also been harmful to the performance of city councils. It should be noted that testing the hypothesis was conducted descriptively-analytically and the hypothesis was confirmed.

Revolution is a new phenomenon whose history dates back to the eighteenth and seventeenth centuries. With the occurrence of the magnificent revolutions of England (1688), the United States of America (1776) and France (1879), the concept of revolution entered political literature. Hannah Arendt, a well-known intellectual of the twentieth century, addressed the dimensions and effects of the concept of revolution in the context of the great events of this century, and by examining the American and French revolutions gained global reputation as a revolution theo-rist. This paper examines the concept of revolution from her point of view considering other concepts and subjects she has discussed, and shows that the concept of revolution has a privi-leged position in the totality of her political thought.

This article intends to clarify views regarding important challenges that have originated from the political, social, cultural and geopolitical structures in the elections systems of Persian Gulf Arab countries. Challenges that determine the compatibility levels of elec-tions systems of these countries with the world’s democratic systems. An efficient elec-tions system is the prerequisite for the realization of democracy in political structures. Therefore satisfaction level is one of the examples of an efficient elections system. Fun-damentally, it clarifies the democracy realization level in political systems. This article attempts to review the elections systems of Persian Gulf Arab countries and the latest development in these systems, answering the following question: what level of democracy do the elections systems of these countries experience? And have the elections systems fundamentally shaped in the political structures of these countries or not? This article with the aim of determining the benefit levels of elections systems in Persian Gulf Arab countries, the indexes of elections systems of the democratic world, presents, initially, a definition of democratic elections system, importance, formation of factors, elements and various systems, and then elections systems and recent develop-ments of these systems in each of the Persian Gulf Arab countries is explained. At the end of the article while dealing with the elections systems challenges in these countries, summation and conclusions are presented.