International Journal of Political Science
Volume:7 Issue: 2, Summer 2017

Political Islam in Iran, which initially formed in the guise of Sultāni order, experiences its second form after 1979 Revolution, named popular order. While in both forms, the authority of religion has been accepted in political life, these types of order demonstrate two different experiences of political Islam in Iran. Thus, the comprehension of this new experience of political Islam after the revolution entails knowing its history in Iran. After a short study about the concept of political Islam and a brief review on its condition within the relations named Sultāni order, this article tries to explain the causes and effects of shift to the popular order. In our view, political Islam, by shifting to popular order, achieves appropriate capacities to establish democratic relations in post-revolutionary Iran, even though faced problems in doing so. Since understanding this transformation entails analyzing the fiqhi political ideas and thoughts, we begin with explaining the transformation of political Islam.

Energy has always been of particular importance to humanity. Oil and gas have been some of the energies that greatly influenced the national security of countries, which produce and consume energy. With the transformation of geostrategic discourse into geo-economic discourse in recent decades and the key role of economics in global relations, oil as the basis of modern industry has enjoyed a higher status compared with other factors of power. While assuming particular importance for energy and its security for the countries producing and consuming energy in the coming decades, the present article endeavors to investigate this fundamental problem regarding the direction of changes in energy, and oil and gas markets in the future and their effects on the status of the Middle East. For this purpose, qualitative and library method has been used. The findings suggest that, according to the estimations, we will witness a gradual development in the geopolitics of global energy in the next decade, North America will become one of the oil and gas producers and exporters and that this development makes major geopolitical impacts on the future of the Middle East as the center of the world’s energy. The authors suggest that the Middle East countries reduce their revenue sources from oil and gas to other sources such as tourism, non-oil exports and charging tax from citizens.

The terms of Power, influence and authority could be heard in political world vastly, but using these terms is not leaving only to this realm. Despite its visual simplicity, generally there is not similar and equal perception about term of Power among people. Understanding about by politicians differs from lawyer perception about this term. What people takes about Power, totally differ from what a strategist interpret from. Role and influence of Power also among society is differs from its application in international relations. Power, undoubtedly is the most basic concept of registered knowhow over international relations. In fact, Power reflects relations between activists in international relations, means that, international relations and perhaps more precisely, relations between states warrants Power relations between activists in this area. According to this fact, variety in interpretation about Power in international relations have not been emerged but in variety of international relations theories. However, in ordinary understanding about International relations course, it has supposed that concept of Power closely has been made linkage with realism theory in its all forms, but it should be admitted that, today it could be possible to reach novel recognition about Power concept and its requirements by arising thoughtfulness approaches.
Old politic scholars defined Power, in its general and ordinary concept, both as destiny and cause. In this interpretation, Power merely depends on level of ability and sovereignty of one party against other party(s), to oblige him to obey. In this view, whole life of people could be summarized as result of Power interactions in different domains and degrees. Practical results achieved from present theory, which in some cases meets visions of behavior – orientation is that, in international relations, there is no governing Power, or at least governing states do not recognize any Powers over their Power and sovereignty. In this ambiguous realm, some believes that lack of international governing Power, requires establishing a global state in form of an international contract. In contrast, there are many other groups that follow Power balance theory in relations of governing and dependent states. There is also a compromising theory.

Globalization is one of the most important developments of the late twentieth century, which is continued intensively in the twenty first century. Due to the complexity and multifaceted terms of the subject matter and level of analysis, there has been multiple and even contradictory definition for it. One of the most significant debates in the field of globalization is whether globalization leads to justice at the global level in general and at the context and inner part of the countries in particular or vice versa will expand injustice and makes crisis of legitimacy and efficiency throughout the countries. Justice is a key concept, which is defined in every country according to its different school of thoughts. To explain justice in the Islamic Republic of Iran, an overview of the country's economic development and orientation programs is essential. In this paper, the authors have studied the country's economic development programs, the results of these programs, and the role of justice in the formulation of them, and finally have described the relationship between globalization, justice, and economic development in the country.

The Balooch tribe constitutes about 4 percent of population in Golestan Province so they are often farmer and live in villages as a minority. The most important purpose in these researches to study the attitude of Balooch peoples toward having the social justice in comparison with other tribes and groups that constitute the population of Golestan Province that includes Turkmens, Sistani and Fars peoples. The research method is the field method and is based on survey attitude. The required information were gathered through the verified questionnaire that were answered by the peoples in the sample groups which consists of 400 peoples who were placed in this group using the cluster sampling method. The hypotheses had mainly the rating nature, regarding the measurement scale, and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used in testing the hypotheses as one of the inferential statistical techniques. The obtained results are as the following: (1) totally 71% of peoples in this group believe that there is a discrimination against them in having social justice in comparison to other tribes; (2) the amount of negative attitude of peoples in this group in social, developmental, cultural, hygienic, and educational aspects were 80%, 78%, 59%, 53% and 52% respectively.

There are several debates around why Socrates executed but none of them has explained why he executed at seventy. I think Socratic hubris can explain it. In fact, if we refer to “earlier Socrates” dialogues that cover life of Socrates from youth to seventy years, it is obvious that Socrates on effort to find and present a good life appealed to speech and used it to cross-examine Athenians. However, through it, he acted hubris for many years. Socratic hubris, whether it was apparent and through explicit speech or hidden and through irony, ridicule, and exaggeration, was against Athenian shame culture and against every interlocutors who was examined. In other words, it was against aidos and put Socrates as “I” against Athenians as “Others”. Therefore, it could be considered a guilt and be punished, but since Socratic hubris was personal, and then gradual, he could be alive for about three decades and was executed at seventy.