نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز 1397)

Although it has been well-known that salicylic acid (SA) can increase salinity tolerance in barley; there is no consensus on the best method and time of application. Thus, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design under controlled conditions was conducted at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University in 2014. In this research, the effect of SA at five levels: control (No SA), seed priming, foliar application at complete establishment, double ridges and anthesis was examined on grain yield, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentration in shoot and root as well as antioxidant enzymes activities of barley cv. Reyhane under three salt stress levels: control, 6 and 12 dS m-1. The results showed that salt stress, depended to its severity reduced Na+ and increased K+ in shootand root and enhanced antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, ascorbic peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, so that the most severe salt stress caused 147.4% increase in Na+ and 44.1% reduction in K+. Nevertheless, SA in priming and foliar application could compensate some of these changes and so increased grain yield. For example, seed priming and foliar application at complete establishment, double ridges and anthesis increased K+ by 72.7%, 77.3%, 22.7% and 18.2% and decreased Na+ by 37.8%, 40.5%, 27.0% and 13.5%, respectively. Overall, it can be concluded that the highest positive effect f SA was observed in seed priming and foliar application at establishment, which showed that SA might induce more salt stress tolerance if applied at early growth stages.

Water strees is an abiotic stress that decrease crop yield. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different levels of salicylic acid on morphological characteristics of sweet corn hybrids under water stress, using split split plots arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included water stress at three states (irrigation at 50, 60 and 70% of soil field capacity) and salicylic acid at three levels [0 (control), 0.5 and 1 ml molar] and three hybrids of sweet corn (Pashen, Basin and Chalenjer) respectively in main plot, sub plot and sub sub plots. The results showed that the effects of water stress and SA were significant on all traits except ear diameter. The effect of hybrids were significant on stem height, number of leaves per plant, ear diameter and leaf width. The interaction between water stress, salicylic acid and hybrids were significant on all traits except ear diameter. The highest stem height, number of leaves per plant, ear length, cob weight, length and width of leaf were 171.77, 12.2, 23.16 cm, 412.43 g/m2, 64.09 cm and 6.99 cm respectively which was obtained in combined treatment of irrigation after 50% drainage of available soil water and 0.5 ml molar of salicylic acid in Bisin hybrid. In general the results showed that application of salicylic acid relatively reduced the negative effects of water stress.

Drought stress is one of the most important factor that reducing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield production in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate stability and indicators of drought tolerance indices in wheat, twenty bread wheat genotypes were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications at Gorgan Agricultural Research Station in three years. Genotypes in two years (2012-13 & 2013-14 cropping season) were evaluated only in irrigated condition but in 2014-15 cropping season, both in irrigated and drought after flowering. Eight indices under normal and drought stress conditions including, stress sensitivity index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield stability index (YSI), yield index (YI) and preference index (PI) on the grain yield, were evaluated. Results of combined analysis of variance revealed that effects of year and genotype were statistically significant in 1% level but year × genotype interactions. Drought stress caused reducing in grain yield that genotype number 6 with 70% had the highest decreasing. Genotypes number 8, 17, 4 and 14 had the highest grain yield in drought stress. In base of mean comparison of genotypes in combined analysis of variance and indicators of drought tolerance, genotype number 14 with grain yield mean 6773 kg/ha in irrigated conditions and genotypes number 8 and 17 in drought conditionwere selected.

The current study is aimed to study impacts of different irrigation regimes on quality of converting examined rice genotypesa split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blokes design with three replications in 2014 and 2015, in Research and Education Center of Agricultural of Shavar related to agricultural research and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. Experimental research include Four different irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days), and 12 genotypes rice that respectively are located in the main plots and sub- plots. The results of analyzing compound showed that interaction effect was meaningful between genotype and irrigation regimes in all traits. On the other hand, genotypes have different reactions in terms of irrigation periods. The highest grain yield with 6555.10 kg per hectare was Second irrigation regime and IR 81025-B-327-3 genotype. The elongation ratio was higher in Fourth irrigation regimes and IR 79907-B-493-3-1 genotype. The highest amylase content and lowest gel consistency was related to the first irrigation regime and tolerant genotypes. Gelatinization temperature (Gt) in the Fourth irrigationregimes was the highest one and IR 80508-B-194-3-B and IR 81429-B-31 genotypes have respectively the highest and lowest values. Gel consistency had a significant positive correlation (0.399**) with a grain elongation ratio which can be an important objective of the research on improvement and breeding sorts.

Cereals with legume intercropping as one of the ways to increase yield per unit area are recommended. To investigate the effect of cutting off irrigation on yield, yield component and advantageous indices of barley intercropped with legumes, a field experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replicates at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2014 growing season. Treatments were included two levels of irrigation regimes as main plot (full irrigation and cutting off irrigation at milk development stage) and cropping treatments consisted of monoculture of Nimroz tow-rowed barley, Zehak six-rowed barley, pea and faba bean and intercropping of Nimroz + pea, Nimroz + faba bean, Zehak + pea and Zehak + faba bean) with a ratio of 1:1 as sub plot. Results showed that under cutting off irrigation number of seeds/spike, harvest index, biological yield and grain yield of barley cultivars decreased 12.5%, 23.6%, 4.3% and 20%, respectively. Under cutting of irrigation at milk development stage, the highest grain yield was obtained in monocropping of Zehak (3470 kg/ha) and Nimroz (3300 kg/ha). After cutting off irrigation at milk development stage, the lowest canopy temperature (28 to 30 ºC) was observed in intercropping treatments. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) of barley (0.57), legumes (0.83), and total (1.4) were obtained in intercropping of Zehak + pea. In both of the irrigation regimes, Zehak and Nimroz barley cultivars intercropped with faba bean had higher relative value total (RVT) compared to monoculture. In addition, Zehak barley cultivar due to higher grain yield, LER and RVT was better option in intercropping with legumes compared to Nimroz cultivar, under water stress.

In order to investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on some morphological traits and grain yield of corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural research farm of Lahijan during 2010. Experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design in three replications. Main plots were three irrigation regimes including (rainfed, irrigation interval after 6 and 12 days). Sub plots were five nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1). The results indicated no irrigation and nitrogen application caused significant reduction in leaf area index, total dry matter and grain yield. Non significant differences exist between 180 and 240 kg N ha-1 treatments and also 6 and 12 days irrigation interval in above traits. With reduction of irrigation water and nitrogen rates, silking and ear formation delayed and flowering duration decreased. In general, the most appropriate management of irrigation and nitrogen obtain in irrigation interval after 12 days and 180 kg N-1 treatments.

Yield gap analysis is useful method for prioritization agricultural researches and production to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials, water limited yields and yield gaps for 12 regions representing major chickpea-growing areas of Razavi Khorasan province. For model parameterization, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete design with 4 replications in the research field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (36. 15° N, 56. 28° E). The chickpea cultivar ILC482 was used in this experiment. Also, irrigation levels were as (full irrigation, supplemental irrigation at floweringand supplemental irrigation at both flowering and podding). Besides the above experiment, data obtained from a large number of field experiments involving varying seasons and management practices at diverse regions in Iran were also used for model evaluation. The evaluation of model indicated that the model predicted potential yield reasonably well. The results of running the model under different irrigation and sowing dates scenarios (19 February, March 25 , 4 April and 21 April ) showed that optimum sowing date is 19 February in most locations, the highest and lowest potential yield obtained in Taibad and Mashhad with an average yield of 2736 and 2306 Kg ha-1 respectively. Furthermore, in all of irrigation levels and the optimal sowing dates, the highest and lowest yield was observed in Quchan and Taibad respectively. The highest and lowest yield gap between the potential yield and irrigation levels were observed in Taibad and Mashhad respectively. Overall, the results indicated that supplemental irrigation at flowering and podding both reduced yield gap which is strategy in semi-arid areas with low precipitation.

In order to study the effect of separate and combined application of phosphorus and biofertilizer, phosphate barvar2 on vegetative growth, grain yield and essential oil content of coriander, the factorial experiment was conducted as complete random block design with three replications in research field of Giroft Azad University. The experimental factors were included three phosphorus levels (0, 75 and 150 kg triple superphosphate ha-1) and three biofertilizer, phosphate barvar2 levels (0, 100 and 200 g ha-1). Phosphate barvar2 biofertilizer improved coriander vegetative characteristics significantly. Maximum means of growth characteristics were obtained when 150 kg triple superphosphate ha-1 combined with 200 or 100 g phosphate barvar2 ha-1. With the exception of final biomass and stem diameter, in other vegetative traits no significant differences were observed between 75 kg triple superphosphate ha-1 + 200 g phosphate barvar2 and 150 kg triple superphosphate ha-1 + 100 or 200 g phosphate barvar2. Phosphate barvar2 biofertilizer, increased grain yield and yield components and essential oil content significantly when compared with control. Maximum means of these traits were obtained when 200 g phosphate barvar2 ha-1 was applied. Combined applications of phosphorus and phosphate barvar2 biofertilizer increased grain yield and yield components and essential oil content significantly when compared with their separate applications. The results of this study showed that use of phosphate barvar2 biofertilizer plays a significant role in increasing the quantative and qualitative yields of coriander and it can be used as an alternative for phosphorus fertilizer in sustainable agriculture.

To study the effect of potassium source and application rate on qualitative characteristics of sugar beet, a field experiment was conducted at county of Jovein, Khorasan Razavi, during 2010-2011. Experiment was carried out as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors included two irrigation regimes (full and deficit irrigation), two potassium sources (potassium sulfate and potassium chloride) and three potassium application rates (0, 50 and 100 kg K2O ha-1). Results showed that deficit irrigation increased sodium content of root by 16.8 percent compared with full irrigation. However, other qualitative characteristics of sugar beet were not influenced by irrigation treatments. Application of potassium chloride, increased root dry matter percent and decreased root nitrogen content compared with potassium sulfate. The sugar percent, white sugar percent, sugar purity and root alkalinity increased and molasses sugar percent, root potassium, sodium and nitrogen content decreased with increasing potassium application rate. The highest sugar percent (19.92), white sugar percent (17.96), sugar purity (90.70%) and root alkalinity (2.77) and also the lowest molasses sugar percent (1.82), root potassium (5.03 meq/100 g root) , sodium (1.35 meq/100 g root) and nitrogen content (2.39 meq/100 g root) were observed in 100 kg K2O ha-1 treatment. According to the results, in similar climatic conditions, the use of large amounts of potassium, particularly in the form of potassium chloride, is recommended for improving the qualitative characteristics of sugar beet under full and deficit irrigation conditions.

In order to study the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria and phosphate fertilizers levels on nutrient availability and yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design in three replications in a fielf located in Eyvan town, Ilam province. Studied factors include five levels of phosphorous fertilizer (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha phosphate fertilizer) and seed inoculation with bacteria at four levels (no-inoculation (Control), inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Pseudomonas, and inoculation with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. Results showed that 100 kg P/ha along with seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas showed greatest effect on increase in growth and yield and yield components of autumn wheat. Wheat grain nitrogen content significantly increased by inoculation with Azotobacter and therefore protein content of grain and consequently grain quality increased as well. Seed inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria at 4thphosphate fertilizer level resulted to increase in grain N and P by 43.5 and 62.7 percent, respectively. Results showed that all fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield compared to control which of them 100 kg/ha P treatment along with inoculation with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas resulted in highest impact on studied growth parameters. Though by increasing P phosphorus level, studied traits increased as well, but the effect was more when applied with biological fertilizers.

In order to Investigation of selenium effect on Seed yields and its components, oil yield of different genotypes under normal and delayed planting Conditions a field experiment a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at field experimental of seed and plant Improvement Institute, Iran, Karaj, during two growing seasons 2013-2015. The first factor is Planting date at three levels Including planting on 6 October (normal planting), 17 october and 26 october (delayed planting) and selenium including non application selenium (Sprayed with net water) and selenium application as second factor, on main plots and Six genotypes from canola including Opera ,L72 ,KR1 ,GKH3705 ,GKH0224, Neptune as Third factor, on sub plots. The results showed that the effect of selenium, planting date and varieties on all of the traits was significant. the interaction effect between planting date and genotypes was statistically significant on number of silique per plant, Thousand seed weight, seed yield, erucic acid and seeds glucosinolate. Although the selenium application in all planting dates increases the seed yield but the increase in normal planting condition (15 October) at the Opera was 8/7%, and in delayed planting conditions (5 November) in the line KR1 was 13/4%, So that it became clear the selenium application in delayed planting conditions, improving seed yield from 2536 to 2876 kg per hectare was in line KR1.

To study the effect of plant density on some morphological traits, oil percent, yield and yield components of sunflower cultivars, an experiment was conducted at Research Field of Birjand branch Islamic Azad University, Iran in 2009 as a split-plot experiment arranged on a randomized complete blocks design with three replication. In this research main plots were sunflower cultivar in four levels (Progres, Hisan 36, Zaria and Star) and sub-plots were plant density in three levels (5, 7.5 and 10 plants m-2). The results indicated that the effect of cultivar on morphological traits, yield and yield components and oil yield were significant. Also, all mentioned traits and oil percent were significantly affected by plant density with exception on leaf number per plant. Mean comparison also indicated that Progres cultivar was significantly superior for plant height, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, head diameter, 100- seed weight and harvest index as compared with other cultivars. Also, increased density from 5 to 10 plants m-2 increased plant height and yields of seed, biological and oil, 13.2, 49.5, 67.5 and 64.8 % respectively, but significantly decreased seed number per head, 100-seed weight and harvest index, 14.8, 12.8 and 8.6 %, respectively. Overall, it is recommended to use Progres cultivar with the density of 10 plantsm-2 for the cultivation of sunflower under the conditions of this study.

in order to study the effect of different shading and bio-priming in two lentils cultivars, an experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University during 2012-2013 cropping season using factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different levels of shading (no shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100% shading), bio-priming (inoculation with Azospirilliumbrasilense and without inoculation) and lentil cultivars (Ziba and ILL4400), respectively. The results indicated that shading reduced leaf specific leaf, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root volume, main root length and grain yield, but increased leaf area index, total water content, specific leaf area, respectively. But Azospirillium leaded to reduce losses caused by shading and increased plant growth and yield of lentil. Two lentil cultivars along with inoculation with Azospirillumhad the more amount of grain yield. The Ziba cultivar compared to ILL4400 cultivar had the more grain yield in the higher levels of shading. Interaction effect of shading× bio-priming × cultivar showed that control treatment and selection of the Ziba cultivar and inoculation with Azospirillum may achieve the acceptable grain yield.

The aim of this study was to quantify the dry matter production in different organs in safflower. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with four replicates in Research Farm of Vali-e-Asr University in 2012. Factors were included sowing dates (4 April, 25 April and 16 May) and cultivars (411, Sina, Local Isfahan and Sofeh). Results showed that linear exponential model best described the trend of dry matter production versus days after planting. Maximum dry matter accumulation was obtained in the first planting date and decreased with a delay in planting. With delay in planting, maximum stem dry mater accumulation and time to maximum stem growth rate were decreased. In the first and second planting dates, stem dry matter was high for local Isfahan cultivar. While there was no a significant difference among cultivars in the third planting date. The trend of grain dry mater accumulation was described the best with logistical models. Grain dry matter accumulation had high in the first and second planting date and then strongly reduced in the third planting date. In the first and second planting dates, maximum grain dry matter had not significantly different among different cultivars. In the second planting date minimum grain dry mater accumulation was obtained from 411 cultivars.

To study the relationship some from between qualitative and quantitative traits using correlation analysis and factor analysis of 10 genotypes of rice Irani, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 1393. The thirteen triats include the number safe and total of grains per panicle,100- grains weight, shoot length, root and panicle length and width of flag leaf, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv / Fm), total soluble sugars, proline and leaf protein measured using 10 random samples were measured in each experimental unit. Analysis of variance showed that genotype effect for some traits include chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, proline and proteins leaf, flag leaf area, root length and panicle, the number of safe grains and 100-grains weight at the 5 and 1% were significant. The results of the factor analysis showed that four main and independent factors74.96 % of the total variation datas explained it. So that four factor as yield components (26.68%), physiological (24.22%) and morphological (24.06%) were named.The results of factor analysis, selection based on the traits of the first factor or yield components include chlorophyll fluorescence traits, and safe and total grains per panicle and 100-grain weight as selection criteria in breeding programs to improve grain yield can have more useful.

Climate change can affect the crop yield and water consumption in agriculture by changing duration of phenological stage, crop yield and evapotranspiration. In this research a number of GCM models were selected and forecasted annual mean temperature of the region was validated. The climate models forecast 2 to 5 °C by the end of this century in Zabol. Therefore, three temperature scenarios (zero, +2 and +5), representing no temperature change, the minimum temperature increasing and the maximum temperature increasing, respectively were added to the observed data temperature. The effect of climate change was examined on duration the growth season and phonological stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum), as well as evapotranspiration in Zabol based on planting date and conventional variety. The GDD method was used for calculating the phonologic stages. Hargreaves – Samani model was used for measuring the effect of climate change scenarios on evapotranspiration. Results showed that 2 °C increasing temperature by the end of the century reduced growth duration of wheat by 14 days compared to no temperature change. In addition, early growth evapotranspiration decreased by 20 percent. Increasing 5 °C decrease growth duration of wheat by 32 days and increasing early evapotranspiration by 46 % growth in region. Climate change influenced wheat culture in region. Coping with these changes require planning for production components change according to today's conditions or define new conditions based on adaptive patterns.

To study of the amounts of heavy metals in Shahr-e-Kord industrial town, the experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015. Although in most cases plants which grow in agricultural soils including heavy metals, they keep more metals in their tissues. However, the main objective of implementing and investigating this research was to clarify the amount of absorption of heavy metals such as Nickel (Ni), Plumb (Pb), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) in agronomy crops inclusive: Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Canola (Brassica napus), Sojak (Scariola orientalis), Tragacanth (Astragalus sp) surroundings of Shahr-e-Kord industrial industrial-town. Therefore after the accomplishment of the required studies (climatic and edaphic), sample stations have been accidentally chosen at the distance of 100, 300, 600, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 meters from the North, South, East and West of research area. Sampling of aerial, land construction and soils existed in this region has been done. There was a significant difference between amount of heavy metals in Range plants and Agronomy plants. Analyzing the soils from sample stations indicated that the maximum concentration existed among metals regularly related to Ni (1926 µg/Kg), Cd (504 µg/Kg), Pb (122 µg/Kg) & Cr (78 µg/Kg). However the concentration of heavy metals especially Cd and Ni was leaser than global standard but had high density in this region, therefore to decrease of pollution must contemplate for planting of Tragacanth and Sojak plants as range plants that accumulate of heavy metals.

In order to survey on the effect of urea fertilizer on yield and nitrate accumulation in edible parts of basil, an experiment was conducted in Fars agricultural and natural resource research and educational center as randomized complete blocks design with 4 replication in 2014. Experimental treatments contain: without nitrogen consumption (control, N0), consuming 50 (N50), 100 (N100), 150 (N150) and 200 (N200) kg N.ha-1 from urea fertilizer. The results showed that the effects of urea on nitrate accumulation in basil were significant. A highly significant difference between nitrate accumulation in the morning and in the evening harvesting time of basil leaf blade samples were observed, so that the amount of nitrate in the morning harvested samples were higher than the same sample in the evening. Application of 50 kg N.ha-1 (110 kg urea fertilizer) was showed the highest crop yield equal to 0.95 kg.ha-1 with lover nitrate accumulation as amount as 177.8 mg.kg-1 in dry weight.

Increased awareness of the environmental pollution and social impacts of chemical fertilizers have stimulated interest in biological fertilizers (bio-fertilizers). In order to evaluate the use of bio-Fertilizers (Seaweed and Azolla) on morphological and physiological characters of Petunia hybrida, a study was conducted in 2015 at Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan branch, Fars Province. The experiment was carried out in a factorial in completely randomized design with three replications. The bio-fertilizers factors contain three levels of seaweed and azolla. The results showed that the application of seaweed and azolla at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil can be improved P. hybrida morphological and physiological characters. The highest dry weight of P. hybrida was obtained with application of seaweed and azolla at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil. Seaweed and azolla application at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil can be increased chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments at 89.14 and 86.71 percent, respectively. Seaweed and azolla application at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil can be reduced Flowering time for 27 days faster in comparison to the control treatment (without bio-fertilizer). Overall, to achieve the highest P. hybrida vegetative and reproductive parameters, and reduce production cost, bio-fertilizers application of seaweed and azolla at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil, is recommended.

In this study, the impact of different organic substrate on morphological and qualitative characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) was evaluated. The experimental design was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatments in the year of 2014 in the research field of Islamic Azad University Isfahan branch. The treatments were including garden soil as control and different proportions of garden soil plus different organic materials include spent mushroom compost, Rice bran and manure. The results showed that the combined application of different substrates (Treatment No. 4: garden soil + spent mushroom compost + Rice bran + manure at a volume ratio of 25%) significantly increased leaf area (47.76 cm2), plant height (24.60 cm), shoots and flowers dry weight (0.043 and 0.014 g respectively), chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. The highest root dry weight (0.0056 g) was observed on treatment No. 7 (garden soil + spent mushroom compost + manure at a volume ratio of 33%) and treatment No. 8 (garden soil + manure at a volume ratio of 50%). As a result, Phetalic acid and Δ-cadinene were present in all substrates and the most of Δ-cadinene (39.24%) was obtained from the treatment No. 7 (garden soil + spent mushroom compost + manure at a volume ratio of 33%).

In order to evaluate the use of bio-Fertilizers (Rhizobium and Azotobacter) on morphological and physiological characters of African marigold, a study was conducted in 2015 at Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan branch, Fars Province. The experiment was carried out in a factorial in completely randomized design with three replications. The bio-fertilizers factors contain three levels of azotobacter (0, 25, and 50 gr kg-1 soil) and rhizobium (0, 20, and 40 ml kg-1 soil). The results showed that the application of azotobacter and rhizobium can be improved vegetative and reproductive characters of African marigold. The highest plant height (31 cm), sprout flower number (16 in plant), and the fastest time of flowering (31 days after sowing) were obtained with application of azotobacter bio-fertilizer at 50 gr kg-1 soil. The highest chlorophyll a pigment and Lum index were obtained with application of azotobacter at 50 gr kg-1 and rhizobium at 40 ml kg-1 soil. But, the highest Hue index was obtained without application of bio-fertilizers. Overall, to achieve the highest quality and quantity characters of African marigold flower, bio-fertilizers application of azotobacter at 50 gr kg-1 and rhizobium at 20 ml kg-1, is recommended.

Determining the forage quality is one of the main factors required for proper, systematic and comprehensive management of rangelands. This research carried out to investigate forage quality of Gymnocarpus decander in the region of Rudan, at three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seed ripening). At each stage, 3 replications and in each replication 3 plants selected randomly, and sampled from the aerial shoots. Then, samples were analyzed to determine the quality traits including crude protein (CP), Acid detergent fiber (ADF), Natural detergent fiber (NDF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolic energy (ME), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), Ash Stands, Ether Extract (EE) phosphorus (P) and Calcium (Ca). The data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software and mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's multiple range test. The Results showed that the forage quality in this species decreased with growth stages increasing. crude protein was the lowest in seeding stage and there was significant between vegetative growth and flowering stages. Metabolizable energy in flowering stage were more than both other stages. Vegetative growth and flowering stages has more quality than seeding stage and forage quality in seeding stage the best time of grazing be considered.

In order to evaluating allelopathy of sunflower residue extract on wheat and rapeseed germination and seedling growth an experiment was conducted in 2016 at Shiraz in Completely Randomized Design with four replication. Five concentration of sunflower extract consisted of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent was evaluated in two wheat cultivars (Pishtaz and Darab2) and two rapeseed cultivars (Talaye and Elite). Results showed that sunflower extract significantly affected the germination percentage and rate, root length and shoot length in both rapeseed and wheat seed. By increasing concentration all traits reduced but, there was no significant differences between control and 25% concentration. In rapeseed there was no significant differences between 75 and 100% concentration and there was no germination in these both concentrations. Darab 2 and Talaye showed more sensitivity against sunflower concentration in wheat and rapeseed respectively. IN CONSLUSION YHE RESULTS SHOWED THAT there was some inhibitory substances in sunflower residue that could be use in weed management programs.