جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1396)

Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental in creating literary movements, in line with the intellectual and social changes of their societies, can play a significant role in establishing dialogical interaction among literary works of various nations. Zorba the Greek (1946), the famous novel by Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957) and the Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat are in fact among these literary works. Given the significance of these two novels in the Greek and Persian Literature, the distinctive structural and thematic similarities between the two works and also the considerable acclamation earned by the writers and their academic and scholarly readers in the two countries, attempts have been made in this paper to examine these two works through a comparative analytical approach. Results of the analysis suggest that the two novels are substantially similar in terms of their Khayyami narrative style, critical and pessimistic view toward life, strong tendency to solitude and death and narrative and structural aspects.

A comparative study of literature, always reveals the secrets and codes, and this enables recognition of similarities and differences, especially the thoughts of many known works together. There has been researches conducted about Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and epics of Baluchi ethnic group, but on common themes of Gordafarid of Shahnameh and Baluchi Bannery epic story and the conquest of Delhi, there has not been any independent comparative study. In this paper, with descriptive , analytical documentation and comparative method, we tried to analyze , the main theme and explore and examine common themes between the two stories with a comparative approach.
First, we covered the status of Baluchi epics and a short summary of Gordafarid and Bannery, then, the common themes of the two atories such as: the active participation of women, revenge, fate, peaceful existence, horses, weapons, contempt and sarcasm and rhetoric are analyzed. Large parts of the existing structure in two stories are similar to each other in an amazingway. Courage for women, revenge, use humor, irony and influence the fate are of the main similarities and ways to brag, resistance and struggle and finally peacefulness and continue the battle to win in the story Gordafarid are of the most important differences between the two stories.

Language products are a function of a complex process, in which many sign-semantic factors are involved. One of the dimensions of the sign-semantics is the tension process. In the tension process, between sign-semantic elements, there is a relationship that fluctuates from the bolder.This process drives discourse into a kind of value system and confronts us with the generated meaning. The question of research is how are the sign-semantics factors creating the process of the formation of meaning in the narrative of Iraj's verse? And is it possible to find an open and fluid reading through the tension squared effect? The purpose of this study was to investigate the general structure of Iraj's verse narrative and to explain the discursive factors, semantic and tension squares, effective verbs in the narrative process, and the place and meaning of meaning in the above effect. The present article reviews the narrative narratives of Iraj in order to explain the discursive factors, semantic and tensile squares, effective verbs in the narrative process, and the place and meaning of meaning in the above work. In this narrative, meaning has been formed both through action and passiveness. The process of moving actor here has led to the production of mythical, ideal and moral values. Iraj is an idealist who is going to visit his brothers in the way of protecting his brotherhood, without any belonging to power, and without any armies and war tools and sacrificed for his cause. In other words, young prince reduces the scope of his material life so that the breadth of his spiritual life is vast and overwhelming.

there is a mental affinity between the Arab and Persian poets due to their common religious and cultural roots. in this regard, Dabal Khuzai and Naser Khosrow, as two Shiite poets, have been particularly impressed with mental and moral issues under the influence of genuine Islamic sources. examining the verdicts of two poets with a comparative approach (American) and a descriptive-analytical method, in two sections of praise and blessing, shows that among the teachings of admonition, such as rationalism and science-learning, "generosity and despair"; "good companion"; "tolerance and patience" it has been prominent. also, the doctrines of the decree in the court of the two poets are "sacredness"; "pride and hypocrisy"; "jealousy"; "vicious promise"; "defamation"; "defamation". the views of Dabal Khuzai and Naser Khorsrow have differences based on the teachings of rationalism and science education and the "worldly" are also close. Nasser emphasized on the social, political and moral functions of science and intellect to the people who were aware of the false prophecies of Abbasid caliph under the influence of the false propaganda of Abbasid caliphate, but Dabal Khuzai referred only to its ethical point of view. also, Dabal's glance at the world and its manifestations is twofold (positive and negative) and Naser Khosrow's approach is one-dimensional (negative). the way in which the terms of a sentence are expressed in Naser Khorshw's court is often explicit in the poems of the Dabal, sometimes direct and sometimes indirect. also, the verbal matters in Naser Khosrow's poems are expressed more coherently.

Comperative literature deals with the comparison and balance between literary works and this article is an adaptive attempt to express some of the common themes in the works of Salman Herati, the Persian poet, and the Arabic poet Badr Shaker al-Sayab, the Arabic poet. Both poets have loved their homeland and portrayed it as a living creature. Salman Harati is interwoven intellect and love and spirituality in the description of the homeland. The two poets complain about the neglect of the people in their poems and at the same time give them the promise of a better and brighter future. Salman Herati brings hope to future with the concept of expectation, and al-Sayab, utilizing the symbol of rain, reflects this hope. Badr Shaker al-Sayyab and Salman Herati help to express what they can't say explicitly from various symbols such as night, rain, animals, etc. This is more complexity in Sayyab's poems since he did it with myths.

human beings have always been thinking of the best-living experience. since this dream has never been realized on earth, it has been depicted in its imagination. this imaginary city is called Utopia, and its inhabitants are full of physical and psychological well-being, and there is no lack of human society. Utopia is seen in all cultures. in the east, Nezami Ganjavi's, in his two works, EqbalNameh and Khosrow and Shirin, portrayed the beauty of the city and Arman, depicted the fate of his desired, and in the west, Thomas Moore, in his book Utopia, spoke of an island you are not up and down. the adaptation of the views of these two literary figures clearly illustrates the similar and different aspects of the hopes of various cultures. accordingly, in this article, based on the descriptive and analytical method, the common features of Nezami and Moore's Utopia are investigated. it seems that in the eyes of these two characters, an idealized city that is far from the other communities and is not easy to access, is based on virtues, in which it has a prominent orientation and religion. the inhabitants of this city do not care about the world's property, especially wires and gold, and they hate the burning of the fire of war and sedition. also, co-opting and helping each other is a priority, and hunting and slaughtering animals is done as much as is necessary, and excesses in this regard are considered to be neglected.

Any conversational exchange can be informational or phatic. Occasional exchanges are of no lesser importance than the informative content of the dialogue. One needs to establish the channel of communication by setting up a social environment which is conducive to the exchange of ideas among the participants. The present qualitative corpus based study was conducted to investigate a sociolinguistic framework designed for the analysis of naturally occurring conversations. Laver’s theoretical framework of phatic communion was applied to analyze phatic utterances in Austen’s Persuasion. Based on the theory, the kinds of comments or tokens that speakers use in phatic exchanges are classified as neutral tokens, self-oriented and other-oriented tokens. The conversation samples of persuasive criteria were selected for phatic communion, and thereby explain the process of persuading someone to think differently. The findings revealed that phatic communion can be informational and meaningful to follow certain special aims, as this paper demonstrated the novel’s phatic communions followed the aim of persuasion.