نشریه تاریخ ادبیات
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

The point of the beginning of literary transformation in contemporary Afghanistan is the constitutional movement. The Constitutional Poetry, as the first contemporary poetry stream, made a profound transformation in the content and poem of Afghanistan. This transformation could pave the way for further developments and the emergence of other currents in Afghan poetry, but the failure of the movement and the return of tyranny prevented this from happening. After the Constitutional Revolution in Afghanistan, the flow of romantic poetry began And in the final years of the AleYaha rule, the poetry of resistance began with two branches of poetry of socialist resistance and poetry of Islamic resistance. This paper attempts to examine the Socio-political factors affecting the development of contemporary poetry in Afghanistan, through the descriptive-analytical method, from the beginning of the constitutional movement Until the fall of the reign of Zahir Shah. Findings of the research show that After the defeat of the Constitutional Movement in Afghanistan, the poets have fallen into a pile of individuality and returned to lyrical themes before the Constitutional Revolution. The only sweeping poetry until the fifties in the country was romanticism that came from the tyranny of the era of oppression, which is strongly influenced by poems by romantic poets in Iran. Other poetry currents, such as socialist realism, Islamic resistance poetry, and avant-garde poetry have gradually developed in Afghanistan since the late 1960s and early 1950s.

Mystics have used different methods, linguistic and literary facilities to persuade their own audience and also to transmit and explain mystical meanings. One of the methods that has major effects to persuade and lining up the audience is using the audience believes and resort to his believes that considered to be the most important principle of the persuading relation principles. Considering that audience of mystics are Muslims and Quran's messages and great man of Islam's speeches are considered their deep believes, it is normal that the mystics have used Qurans hojiat(considering its messages), to proof their speeches. Sanaee as a first person that brought mysticism to field of literature, with a complete dominance to Quran and hadith acceptance among Muslims, resort to messages and hadith's to prove his speeches in different issues such as: monotheism of Allah, Tanzih, praise the place of Ali (peace be upon him), remonstration of secularity and easily make his speech acceptable for audience.

Abū al-Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, the great Iranian Scientist, has writed many books in various sciences that unfortunately only afew number of his works has remainded. His remainded books has proven his authority in all contemporary sciences. according to this, Famous poets and writers in persian literature, must reflect much various aspects of his scientific personality.This article in analytical- descriptive method on the bases of library References, has Provided data about the manner of reflection of al-Bīrūnī’s features in the most famous works of persian literature, including poem and Prose, especially in the fourth and fifth centuries and then with analytical attitude has evaluated data. The results has shown limited and one-dimentional reflection of this great character or literary history reticence about him which is analyzed Compared to presence of another Scientific characters specificly Greek masters.

Karamat is a subject often discussed and categorized among supernatural wonders. Supernatural events are the type of phenomena that take place outside the normal way of the nature. The long historic background to mysticism makes us able to discuss various subjects of the field. Very often, we encounter certain mystic figures in the study of Islamic mysticism who are reffered to as "Sheikh". The existence of these figures enable us to discuss the relative subjects easier. We often face stories of supernatural phenomena in the life stories of these characters and the term " The Saint's Karamat" is used to describe the events. There are various accounts on Sheikhs' karamat but no one figure in the history of Islamic Sufism has ever been related with karamat as much as abusaeid. In the book, "Asrar al-Tawhid" which is a record of his life from different sources, we see various forms of karamat and the occurence of supernatural events throughout the book. The following will be an examination and categorization of sheikh's karamat. This categorization is merely a draft and is heavily relied on the main or very near commandments of surrealism. However the aim of the following article is merely a categorization of the terms and we will avoid discussing the surreal aspect of them.

Āzar Kayvān, the founder of Āzar Kayvāni’s school, was from Shiraz. He immigrated to India and settled in Patna where he remained till the end of his life. From Āzar Kayvān, the founder of Āzar Kayvāni’s school, and his disciples, we have some books which acquaint us with their believes. In these books i.e Dabestān-i Mazāheb and Šārestān-i Čahār Čaman, we can find also the names of some other texts which contain the Āzarīs doctrine and faith, and we no longer access these books. In this article, a list of the lost books of Āzar Kayvāni’s school and their contents are presented. Introduction of these books and their contents makes us to be aware of Āzarīs’ believes, and also perhaps help us to find a copy of them in one of the Iranian or Indian libraries or among the other manuscripts.

Abol-favares Shah Shoja Kermani was a Sufi of the third century A.H. The present paper uses the ambiguously related story of his life to present a new approach to the classification of information that is found in different documents. This approach can be extended to the study of other such ambiguous figures in Persian literature. The first step was to isolate the informative propositions about the personality of Shah Shoja from various sources. Then each of these propositions was traced in the literature in order to compare how it is presented in different sources and how it has been received by biographers in different periods. Such study can shed light on the reason for the attention of authors to certain aspects of the life of a figure, the elaboration of propositions in different sources, as well as the reason why certain propositions have been repeatedly mentioned throughout the history of literary biography. The authors believe that the methodology is particularly fecund for this type of study