نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

PYY is an intestinal peptid that has a basic role in control of receiving food. However, changes of PYY after adaptaion to resistance training has not been examined. The purpose of this research is examining of the effect of eight weeks resistance training on PYY levels of the plasma in nonathletic fat women in the fast conditions. For this purpose, 24 fat women with average age (33/08±2/24 year) that had not antecedent in a specific sickness accidentally divided into experimental group (n=13) and control group (n=11). The amount of weight, eight, percent of fat and body mass index (BMI) as primary data were measured by specific instruments. Then, experimental group did circle training with weight and by using main muscles and regarding excess load principle for eight weeks and 3 sessions of a week. Two procedures of blooding was done, one was done in the morning while all subjects had not eaten anything for 12 hours and the other one was done 48 hours after the last session of training (2cc from left forearm). The results show that resistance training significantly changesPYY levels of experimental group (p=0/001) in compare to control group and decreased level of this hormone in the fast conditions. This shows increased appetite and desire to eat to compensate the amount of energy that is used during the training.

Consumption of anti-oxidant supplement decrease oxidative stress due to intensive exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute supplementary consumption of coenzyme Q10 on serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) after a session of resistance exercise in male college athletes. eighteen male college athletes (age: 21.1±1.2 yr, weight: 72.5 ± 8.1 kg, height: 177.4 ± 7.3 cm, body mass index: 23.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2) with at least 6 months of regular exercise training, divided into Q10 supplement and placebo groups randomly. 120 minutes before exercise, subjects received either of the following regimens: Coenzyme Q10 (200 mg per subject) or placebo (Flour). All subjects underwent a circuit resistance exercise include 5 stations that performed in 3 sets with 75% of 1RM. AST concentration was measured before supplementation and immediately, 24, 48 hours after the exercise. DOMS, in addition of these times, were assessed within 72 hours after exercise. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measure, Bonferroni and independent t test at P≤0.05. The results shown that change in AST was not significantly different between two groups (Р=0.072). But changes in DOMS between the two groups was significant (Р=0.032). Based on the results, it seems that acute Q10 supplements can reduce DOMS (fatigue index) and serum AST (index of cellular damage) in male college athletes after resistance exercise.

  cold water immersion is considered to accelerate the recovery from damaging exercise for athletes. Given the importance of satellite cells and the role of inflammatory responses in regeneration process, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion on MyoD gene expression as an activation marker of satellite cells, CK as an indirect marker of damage and IL-6, IL-10 as inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise in male rats. 30 young and healthy male Wistar rats (Weight range= 300±10) were assigned randomly in 5 groups each consisting of 6 subjects. It was an experimental research and subjects participated in eccentric exercise protocol (90min). Then they were compared in tow groups with and without cold water immersion (10min), in 3 and 48 hours after exercise in changes of MyoD gene expression in FHL skeletal muscle and the level of serum CK,IL-6 and IL-10. We used Rest software for analyzing MyoD gene expression and independent T test
for analyzing serum data's. Results showed that mRNA MyoD has been increased three hours after eccentric exercise in cold water immersion group and the level of IL-6, IL-10 decreased significantly in that group
in compare with the group of three hours after eccentric exercise without cold water immersion. There is no significant change in CK. There was no significant changes in mRNA MyoD and serum CK,IL-6,IL-10 in 48 hour after eccentric exercise and cold water immersion. Based on findings of the present study, cold water during recovery may cause the activation of satellite cells and decrease the inflammatory responses after eccentric exercise in early phase of damage.

  The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate the accuracy of regression equation to predict VO2max and estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) based on non-exercise (N-EX) data in adult women. Research In order to achieve the purpose of research, 30 female students studying at Kharazmi University, Tehran; Iran, with the average age 24.96±2.41 yr., weight 57.07±7.08 kg, and height 162.55±5.15 cm were selected as the research sample. At first, the subjects filled in the consent for participation in research form and revised physical activity readiness questionnaire (rPar-Q). The N-EX data were collected just before the maximal graded exercise test (GXT)included the participant’s age, body mass index (BMI), perceived functional ability (PFA) to walk, jog, or run given distances, and current physical activity (PA-R) level. Then, all participants (N = 30), aged 18-30 years old, successfully completed a Bruce maximal GXT on treadmill using gas analyzer to assess VO2max.The data were analyzed by multiple linear regression, ANOVA R.M, Pearson correlation, cross validation using predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS), and LSD post hoc test statistical methods. The data analysis revealed a high correlation, minimal shrinkage and difference; thus, Jackson, George and Bradshaw regression models yield relatively accurate results and are a convenient
way to predict VO2maxand estimate CRF in adult women (18-30 yr.).In order to predict VO2max and estimate CRF in adult women, the three new regression equations (Ghafari-Jackson, Ghafari-George, and Ghafari-Bradshaw models) should yield acceptable accuracy when applied to an independent sample of adult women (aged 18-30 yr.) with a similar cardiorespiratory fitness level. It should be mentioned that non-exercise regression equations are not as accurate as gas analyzer criterion test and cannot be used instead of this criterion test. But they would predict VO2max and estimate CRF in adult women accurately if they were used correctly and can be used instead of Bruce treadmill equation criterion test. The new established regression equations or the old developed ones are safe and quite accurate, easy, fast, and inexpensive for large groups, elders, and persons with cardio-vascular diseases.

  This study was designed to investigate the effect of continuous and interval muscular endurance training on some structural and functional cardio respiratory variables and trained runners’ records. 27 young men voluntarily participated in this study. After the introduction session, based on the one-mile record, the subjects were randomly assigned to three groups, namely, interval group, continuous group, and control group, with a mean (±SD) (19.89 ± 3.40 yr , 186.04 ± 5.23 cm , 77.97 ± 8.55 kg). In order to measure the structural and functional cardiac variables, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiograms were used. All The Participants performed the exercises in three sessions per week for 8 weeks. For statistical analysis, a one-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test were utilized. The eight- week continuous and interval muscular endurance training had a significant effect on the variables under study (p< 0.05). The results indicated that it had the greatest effect on
maximal oxygen consumption, maximum aerobic speed, anaerobic threshold velocity, and left ventricular ejection fraction, and runners’ records in the interval group, and on the stroke volume in the continuous group. With regard to the intra ventricular septum and maximum exhaustion, there was no statistically significant difference among
groups. The results indicated that for the purpose of enhancing some variables, which have been strengthened via continuous training, interval training can also be as beneficial.

  Studies have shown that intense exercise training associated conditions with increases levels of free radicals and oxidative stress thus the aim of this study was to investigate effect of intense exercises on Catalase Enzyme Gene Expression in soccer players. Nine male soccer players amateur (16-18age) for Among the players who participated in the study volunteers were randomly selected and participated in this study. blood samples were taken in three stages, before GXT exercise test (graduate exercise test), immediately and 3 hours after exercise to determine mRNA of catalase. Findings showed no significant increase in the mRNA catalase of lymphocyte in young soccer players immediate (p=0.17) and 3 hour after incremental exercise (p=0.08). According to the results of this study, it was determined that intense exercise training causes no significant increase in the mRNA catalase of lymphocyte in young soccer. This may be due to the adaptation process of catalase mRNA transcription lymphocytes in football players.

Effect of concurrent training on inflammatory status and physical fitness of inactive adolescent girls has less been studied. The purpose of this study was to survey effect of four- and eight-week concurrent training on inflammatory markers, muscular strength, and cardio respiratory function in inactive adolescent girls. In a semi-experimental study, twenty three inactive adolescent girls were randomly placed at two groups: training (n=11, 17.07±0.28 yr, 53.45±8.7 kg, 20.98±3.9 kg/m2) and control (n=12, 17.16±0.25 yr, 56.50±9.1 kg, 21.44±3.1 kg/m2). General characteristics of subjects and serum levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed before and after fourth and eighth weeks of training period. Concurrent training protocol was included eight weeks rhythmic aerobics and weight training (3 sessions per week, aerobics with intensity 60-75% of maximum heart rate and duration of 15-30 min and weight training with intensity of60-70% of one repetition maximum and duration of 25-55 min per each session). Data were analyzed by two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures test.Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05. Body weight, body mass index, body fat percent, and serum concentrations of CRP and TNF-α didn’t change after training period. Muscular strength and cardio respiratory function were increased at end of fourth week, and more, eighth week of training period (P<0.05). Performing concurrent training has no effect on anthropometrics and inflammatory markers of inactive adolescent girls, while improved the health-related physical fitness and this improvement was more following eight- than fourweek training.

  The aim of the present study is the effect of 12 weeks of yoga selected exercises on fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile in premenopausal women with diabetes type 2. Thirty females with diabetes type 2 and a mean age of (46/8±3/3 years), weight (69/7±17/1 kg), height (155/0±5/0 cm), BMI (29/6±5/0 kg per square meter) and with 6/4±2/6 years of illness were selected based on specific criteria in research and were divided in two groups of yoga practice (n=15) and control group (n=12). Experimental group’ exercise program lasted for 12 weeks, three sessions per week and each session 90 minutes. Fasting glucose levels (FBS), Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein with high density (HDL-C), lipoprotein with low-density (LDL-C), lipoprotein with very low density (VLDL) and total cholesterol of the participants were measured 48 hours before the exercise and 48 hours after the exercise protocol. This results of the study showed that yoga practice for 12 weeks significantly decreased fasting glucose concentration (p=0/000), Glycosylated hemoglobin (p=0.034), LDL (p=0/009), VLDL (p=0/027) and significantly increased in the concentration of HDL (p=0/003) in females with diabetes type 2. 12-weeks yoga exercise improves glucose levels, Glycosylated hemoglobin and HDL, LDL and VLDL of the blood and probably the period of practice in these patients should be increased for a greater impact on triglycerides and total cholesterol.