فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

Nanoscience to develop low-cost applications of nanotechnology have led to increased plant growth. Human use of silver dates back more than 5,000 years ago. The effect of nano silver particles in inhibition of the growth of fungi and bacteria was proved. In this study, effect of nano silver particles on plant pathogens and their action mechanisms was studied. Nano technology has provided new solutions for treatment of plants in plant- pathogen interaction. Successful use of silver nanoparticles as anti-fungal and anti-bacterial agents, leads its application in controlling plant pathogens.

In the present study, the effect of different percentages of garlic powder on the immune response of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was evaluated for 60 days. In this study shrimp were used with an average weight of 8-9 g were comprised of four treatments each with three replications such as 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % of garlic powder added to feed. The results showed that total haemocyte count (THC) and total plasma protein (TPP) in shrimp fed diets containing 2 % garlic powder significantly increased than to shrimp fed diets containing 1, 0.5 and 0 % of garlic powder (P <0.05), whereas the shrimp of control, was significantly lower than experimental treatments (P <0.05). So it can be concluded that immune system non-specific of L.vannamei was activated and immune factors (THC and TPP) were increased after using garlic powder at 2 % in the diet of shrimp.

In recent years, in comparison with chemical drugs, the use of biologic drugs has absorbed more attention, but they are expensive for patients. Besides, many of them are approaching their patent's time of expiration, and this matter has provided the opportunity of investing in biosimilars market which leads to taking place of reference drugs with lower costs. Nevertheless, entering the biosilmilar market and starting to produce has specified problems and needs to be approved in terms of purity, efficacy and safety in the defined framework by organizations such as food and drug administration (FDA). In this research, biosimilars market is investigated according to available statistics in USA and Europe, and the production of these products in Iran is also stated.

Nanotechnology is currently the most advanced and latest technology that converges human physics, chemistry and biology there. Biological and ecological study of fish in an aquatic ecosystem leading to the identification and analysis of ecological food chain ecosystem. This would apply sound management of fisheries and the widespread use widely significant development of nano-technology in various fields of industrial Nano materials necessity its harmful effects on health is exposure of the use of nanoparticles should be considered toxic because they can be answered, such as chronic inflammation and the production of oxygen free radicals associated nanoparticles of materials with dimensions of class 1 and 100 Nanometers has very specific physical and chemical characteristics of size, shape and high surface to volume ratios. Also are new features like Solubility, mobility and ability to penetrate the cell membrane is very much in the human body can be named which makes nanoscale over other measures to be considered. According to the emerging nanotechnology has the potential risks of these particles to the environment is not an accurate assessment.

The end product is the same quality in less time and achieve even higher quality and can be used to power these fish fight against various stress was significantly high. These substances have been identified as drivers of growth and safety and at the same time that they cannot replace the nutrients in the diet of fish, increase nutrient absorption, increasing growth and raising fish resistance against various stresses very effective. Antioxidants, including vitamin E and C are factors that cause loss of free radicals and other reactive and as defense cells against oxidative stress act. According to studies, it can be concluded that the safety index greater effect of vitamin C. A higher percentage of vitamin C in the diet of fish in terms of nutrition and stimulates the immune system works better than the show itself.

A protein will be best expressed in its native cell type under physiological conditions, where a multitude of molecular systems work together for efficient production and quality control at various stages, including synthesis and folding, post-translational modification. However, production of proteins in appropriate quantity and quality is an essential requirement for therapeutic purposes in the present time. So, various expression systems have been developed to produce recombinant proteins: bacteria systems, yeast, baculovirus-infected insect cells, mammalian cells and, more recently, cell-free systems. In this review all of these systems were investigated in terms of capability to produce a recombinant protein with same function to their native. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems are also presented. When the folding and the extent of post-translational modifications of the recombinant protein are critical, expression in Eukaryotic systems and in particular the use of mammalian host cells, not only provides the optimal machinery for proper folding and post-translational modifications, but also possible the expression of large and complex proteins. However, an expression system should be capable to combine high yield, highest biological activity, ease of purification, and short timelines.

Oxford Nanopore system, as the third-generation DNA sequencing technology, are being developed for fast and direct sequencing of single DNA molecules by detection of ionic current modulations as DNA passes through a pore. Moreover, the single molecule techniques used by this technology allow us to identify proteins, MicroRNAs as well as their concentrations. Oxford Nanopore systems open a new door to molecular biology investigation at the single-molecular level. Due to the blockades of ionic current, nanopores can help us to get information about the identity, concentration, structure and dynamics of target proteins and miRNAs. The Oxford Nanopore has introduced a new device namely MinION, with the size of a USB memory stick, which can sequence the entire human genome for less than $1000. High speed, sensitivity in detection of single nucleotides and the ability of reading long sequences of DNA molecules have made the nanopores as promising technology in high throughput sequencing. Since the lack of proper Persian language resources, the authors intend to introduce this technique for researchers.

High-throughput sequencing technologies are now in common use in biology. RNA seq is one of the next generation sequencing that applies for transcriptome profiling. This method with deep sequencing of complementary DNA allows researchers to measure RNA abundance on a genome-wide scale and alter our view of the extent and complexity of eukaryotic transcriptomes. Recently, several developments in RNA-seq methods have provided an even more complete characterization of RNA transcripts than other methods. These developments include improvements in transcription start site mapping, strand-specific measurements, gene fusion detection and detection of alternative splicing events and isoforms. Ongoing developments of this technology get possible of direct RNA sequencing and profiling low-quantity RNA samples. In this review article will be introduced RNA-seq technology and implied some developments that overcome limitation of other methods.