نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال هجدهم شماره 153 (مهر و آبان 1397)

The purpose of this study was to investigate applied and effective interventions for children and adolescents with conduct disorders.

This research was a review of the research on the conduct disorder, including the definition of conduct disorder, conduct disorder characteristics, prevalence, risk factors, behavioral symptoms of people with conduct disorder at home and at school, and finally, an examination of various effective strategies for improving conduct disorder.

Considering that conduct disorders are one kind of behavioral problems. Parents and teachers are always looking for practical ways to reduce the problems of conduct disorders in children and adolescents; the study attempts to introduce interventions that have been shown to be effective in previous studies. There are several interventions that have been shown to be effective in other areas of behavioral problems that require more research and investigation to determine the effectiveness of these interventions on children and adolescents with conduct disorders.

Depression is a permanent state of sadness and one of the most common psychological disorders around the world. Until decades ago, it was believed that depression is an adult disorder and children did not get it, but studies and theories in recent decades have shown that the disorder can start since the beginning of life. Depression in children is much more serious than adults, as it indicates the possibility of heredity or a trauma, and the likelihood of its persistency to adulthood. Also, due to the fact that children are in a critical period of brain development, the disorder in these ages can lead to a malfunction of many brain structures of the child. Depression can lead to many consequences including dysfunction in daily life up to suicide. To understand the mindset of the audience about the nature of the disorder and get familiar with the general strategies for helping these children and eliminating the general public's thoughts, this article reviews characteristics, etiology and therapies for children’s depression emphasizing the role of parents and teachers.

Children are much more vulnerable due to their age characteristics and need care and support. Also, raising children is one of the most difficult and most pertinent work possible for human beings, and in the absence of knowledge and lack of adequate knowledge for preventing and coping strategies of parents and Caregivers will inflict multiple harm, such as sexual harassment, on children. The goal of this researcher is to increase the awareness and knowledge of parents and school educators about child sexual abuse, as well as familiarity with various and practical strategies to prevent this social problem. For this purpose, the researcher has provided a short, useful, and useful research on the use of articles, resources, and websites of both domestic and foreign countries over the past several years for the use of parents, caregivers, school parents and those responsible for the child. This research can fill up some of the gaps in awareness raising about child sexual abuse, as well as preventive strategies and coping strategies, and can be used to reduce this phenomenon. In the present study, the researcher to receive education for parents, educators and the child is one of the most important and important strategies for preventing child sexual abuse. Of course, this paper describes simple key approaches from different methods to parents and an example of teaching methods to the child. One of the main problems is the lack of education or inadequate education of parents and other responsible child in preventing sexual abuse. This research is about familiarizing with child sexual abuse and its variety, the underlying factors, its consequences, and the key symptoms for identifying child sexual abuse, how to educate parents and the child.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the most recent features and therapeutic approaches for separation anxiety disorder in children through systematic review of scientific resources. The results of this study showed that, after decades of recognition and introduction of separation anxiety disorder, this disorder is still considered as one of the most common anxiety disorders in pediatric psychopathology of children. The results also indicated that the occurrence of anxiety in the child separation situations from the parent or the home is recognized as the most important feature of the disorder and the combination of genetic, environmental and family factors in its ancillary affects. In addition, the results showed that the most effective treatments known for this disorder include cognitive-behavioral therapy, family therapies, play therapy and drug therapy. In this regard, parenting, educators and teachers are important in the treatment process.

Auditory deprivation during the early years of life can hinder the development of language, communication, social-emotional, and cognitive skills. Reviewing studies on behavioral and emotional problems in children with hearing impairment, the present article attempted to answer three questions: Are behavioral and emotional problems more prevalent in children with hearing impairment than those without? If yes, what variables are correlated with behavioral and emotional problems in children with hearing impairment? What challenges need to be addressed to assess and identify behavioral and emotional problems in these children? And, what effective interventional solutions and strategies can be proposed to diminish behavioral and emotional problems in children with hearing impairment? Fourteen articles published in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases during 2007-2017 were reviewed. Results pointed to more prevalent behavioral and emotional problems in children with hearing impairment than those without, as well as to a lack of homogeneity in terms of incidence in the former group. In addition, the pattern of children with hearing impairment responses to assessments might be attributable to their inability to express reason to characterize behaviors and emotions in the described situations as opposed to their difficulty in understanding mental states. Finally, interventional solutions and strategies proved effective in improving the behavior and communication-emotional skills of children with hearing impairment.

The purpose of this research is to identify executive skills (Sustained attention, working memory, and response inhibition) and the use of strategies to improve it in students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); these executive functions have different roles and affect everyone's health and life for all people of any age, performance and functional well-being. This force is presented as a cognitive structure, has tasks such as problem solving, attention, reasoning, organizing, scheduling, memory, response inhibition, impulse control, game preservation, game change, as a result, defects and disruptions in this field disrupt the daily functioning. The research method is such that by referring to the national book of the country, previous research by researchers and related articles, we have gathered useful material in this regard. Therefore, the results of the research show that using state of the art techniques and strategies, it can be used to improve and enhance executive functions, and this is a great help for students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in educational life, Social and personal.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychological disorder with a high rate of incidence reported in adolescents. This disorder causes many social and economic costs for the affected people and the society as well as affecting the social, educational and occupational performance of these adolescents. Some papers on obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescents in Scopus from 2000 to 2018, Eric from 2005 to 2018, and PubMed databases and Google's search engine from 1995 to 2018 were investigated using the keywords obsession, obsessive disorder, compulsive disorder, and related terms. The results of this study indicated that due to genetic and non-genetic factors, obsessive-compulsive disorder affects the educational and social performance of these adolescents. Thus, diagnosis and timely intervention can enhance the social, emotional and educational performance of these students.