نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1396)

One of the political concepts that have been used extensively in the years after the Islamic Revolution in Islamic political literature is the term "penetration". This interpretation has recently emphasized by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution in particular. And in numerous statements, the danger of penetration was highlighted. But sometimes in some circles this topic is considered as a political debate, and this approach has led some officials to neglect the importance of this vital issue. The main purpose of this study is to explain the importance of discussing the term "penetration", in the history of Iran's relations with global imperialism and the strategies of penetration and causing damage  to Iran by enemies, and the main question of the study is that : what is the order of the ways to counteract the penetration of the enemy from the perspective of the Supreme Leader and  the elites? This  is an applied research with descriptive-exploratory  purposes. Using the case study method and taking advantage of the measures and statements of the Supreme Leader, we have identified the ways of counteracting the enemy's penetration, and then the solutions have been  identified using  the questionnaire and the experts' opinion and the methodology of "DeMatal "  . Furthermore, the solutions  have been  evaluated and prioritized in terms of effectiveness and impact.  The results of the study show the highest  impact  of  "Equipped with the strong logic of the revolution and the creation of rational authority." And "Tracking Resistant Economy with All Power" is also the most influential factor.

The Internet of Things, as a major step in the evolution of cyberspace, besides creating plenty of opportunities, creates significant challenges, especially in the field of inertial defense, which can hinder the realization of its benefits. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the challenges of passive defense through the use of the Internet of things. This study is descriptive and applied study, and its statistical society includes managers, officials and IT and passive defense experts. In this study, the factors of increasing the level of critical infrastructures'  monitoring and control and permanent connection to things and the environment in confronting crises are considered as the most important uses of the Internet of things, and low level factors of physical protection of Internet devices of things, comprehensive monitoring of opponent's intelligence organizations and high level of access to privacy of  individuals have been identified as the main challenges of the passive defense. Also, the factors for institutionalizing the requirements of passive defense  and providing security instructions for the technology used for Internet of things are considered as  effective strategies and policies for passive defenses and the factors including; using strong cryptography, advanced identity authentication systems, and the establishment of a security management system for controlling the devices of Internet of things are perceived to be   Effective technical solutions of passive defenses against the challenges of using Internet technology. Among the important results of the study, the possibility of using the applications of this technology and reduce the challenges its way, by institutionalizing the requirements of passive defense and not enforcement of strict regulations could be mentioned.

The new conditions of the international system have contributed to the emergence of new components in the formal international structures, and countries are using new tools and means to provide their national interests. From a traditional point of view, geopolitical factors are considered as determinants of the production and security of a country in the international arena. However, in the present century, the components of power and, consequently, security are also excluded from their traditional forms and are measured by other indicators. Naturally, in order to gain power, only the attention to the geopolitics of the country is not enough , and attention must also be paid to the position of geo-economic and geochemistry factors. The present study, while investigating the theoretical foundations of power and its dimensions, attempts to investigate and explain the geopolitical, geo-economics and geo culture factors and components of the promotion of the role of I.R .Iran in the power system and international domain, through a descriptive-analytical method, and using library and Internet resources. The results of the study indicates that, due to its strategic and geopolitical position, it is necessary I.R .Iran to pay attention to various aspects of hard power (military and economic strength) and strengthen its soft power, as well.

By increasing the use of mobile devices in everyday life, people's desire to use these tools also increases during the daily tasks. BYOD is a policy that allows employees to use personal devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops for organizational tasks. Considering that cyber threats are said to be  a new component in the scope of national security threats, and passive defense measures seek to prevent such incidents, this study is an attempt to answer the question that  whether or not the acceptance of BYOD in the organization a threat to cyber security? After conducting library studies and obtaining experts' opinions in the field of IT security, the hierarchical analysis method was used to select the components to be extracted from the obtained concepts. After that, using the grounded theory, by presenting a model, the relationship between the factors influencing the adoption of this policy and its effects on the cybersecurity and consequently national security were explained.

 The present study is a descriptive-analytic one in which the current status quo of settlements of bordering city of Khorramshahr were investigated. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of the infrastructure of this city, with a passive defense approach for organizing, assessing the extent and reducing its vulnerabilities. After that the appropriate conditions for the spatial distribution of infrastructures were proposed. According to these objectives, after identifying the factors influencing the spatial organization of the infrastructure of Khorramshahr, the data were gathered in spite of the lack of resources and the difficulties for the field study, in the form of current status maps. Then, by developing a questionnaire on the degree of vulnerability and the importance of factors influencing the creation of new infrastructures using expert opinion, more than 45 people were extracted by SPSS software using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Google Earth's software and GIS.  Then the level of vulnerability of settlements and infrastructure in the city and appropriate areas for building the required new infrastructure have been determined.