نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1397)

The present study aims to locate and design an temporary residential camp for injured people from the enemy attcks in the region two of Ahvaz city, with a passive defense approach in order to design and locate the appropriate location for the temporary accommodation of the injured and to review the measures taken   in the study area . By determining the appropriate location and desirable layout of the temporary residential camp based on the principles and technical regulations and the principles of passive defense, it is possible, with the benefit of appropriate measures and low cost schemes in the pre-crisis stage, to greatly increase the severity and extent of the casualties at the time of  enemy’s invasion . In order to locate the temporary residence , GIS, due to its unique feature, was used as an effective tool in locating appropriate areas for the deployment of the injured people. To this end a questionnaire consisted of  40 items were developed  and the collected data was analyzed usin SPSS software. Morover, using experts’ opinions, The appropriate criteria for locating and creating spatial databases were obtained . Then the data were integrated and analyzed using the GIS and using ArcGIS software. Subsequently, suitable places for temporary accommodation of the injured people at the time of enemy attack were selected.after that,  Based on the findings of the study and the strengths and weaknesses of the selected sites, two final locations for the construction of temporary accommodation in the studied area were selected. Then  based on different models of temporary accommodation design and based on The size and type of selected places, the design and placement of spaces on the temporary accommodation site were carried out. and the final model was selected and the physical location of the spaces of the temporary residence site was proposed.

The 21st century is called postmodern century, and one of  the characteristic  of in this era, is post-modern war. Nowadays the great wars, despite their classic appearance, take place in asymmetric and populist fronts, within which irregular form of battles determine the ultimate success or failure. Different types of war with regard to strategy, tactic, technique, space and time are distinct from each other. So, according to the changes and differences between these elements, the changes and differences in nature of war and its variants could be seen, too. Central feature of post-modern era including relativity, fluidity and diversity, are extended to the phenomenon of war in this era, that caused the emergence of a new kind of war, named  hybrid war, which its composition trait indicates the presence of elements of old and new, classic and modern, soft, hard and semi-hard war, in terms of tools, methods, principles and relevant rules in this war, and make  use of psychological warfare, cyber attacks, digital and media operations, irregular, guerrilla and terrorist attacks show different aspects of  hybrid war. In other words, the hybrid war is a postmodern phenomenon in today’s post-modern space. Question that emerging now is: What is the substantive feature of hybrid war? It was hypothesized that hybrid war is a postmodern anarchist war with its distinctive substantive characteristics such as fluidity and relativity in doctrine, strategy, tactic and technique.

The deliberate and unintentional attacks of the enemy in order to destroy and damag the country’s communications infrastructure as an undeniable fact, underscores the importance of the structuralist defense approach. In this regard, the balancing of the defense and offense budgets to prevent any increase in the index of service expectations was studied.To do so ,Increasing the security of the country’s most important infrastructures from the passive defense approach was investigated , and a comprehensive defense-based algorithm to increase the power and reduce vulnerability against attackers’s deliberate attacking was provided. Furthermore, Extensive pressure control system has been selected as a case study, and considering the risk of attacks, a comprehensive defense algorithm has been undertaken.In order to increase the security of the extensive pressure control system, two methods of hardware and software were proposed, which can reduce the risk of vulnerability to a great extent and ultimately provide the system security.The use of shielding using different materials as a hardware method for coping with field attacks has been investigated and its desirable results have been provided by FEKO software. Morover, in this study, the information coding as a proposed software method, guarantees the security of information transmition. In this paper, while presenting a constructed algorithm to meet the requirements of passive defense in the vital infrastructures of the country, we have reviewed practical solutions to increase the security of information transmission that can be used to deal with cyber-field attacks.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the tendency of students to join the social network of telegram. In this mixed method the researcher studied the causes of the tendency using a library method and conducted a semistructured interview with 11 experts for further investigation. Then data was encoded using the method (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding). Extraction results from experts were measured using a questionnaire and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. After that, Cronbach’s alpha formula was used to assess the reliability the questionnaire. Then exploratory factor analysis was employed to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. Using Kaiser’s formula, criterion that only agents whose specific values are higher than 1 are identified, in this study, 6 factors with a specific value higher than one were identified. Out of 27 questions, 6 factors were identified and evaluated. These 6 indicators including ; community-based promotion, participation and self-expression, easy access to the latest state of the community, scientific and research uses, entertainment, freedom of speech, rebellion to new groups and channels, timely information And aligning affairs and activities, are listed in Table 6 ,successively, and they are  the most used factors among users.

Hospital planning is absolutely essential for responding effectively to internal and external hazards and having a well-trained program. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the planning and preparation of Fajr Hospital in Tehran for relief in unsustainable conditions and its relationship with crisis management measures. The statistical population for this descriptive-analytic study are; executive managers  and  health and medical staff of the hospital .The emergency preparedness information preparedness questionnaire (EPIQ) was used to measure the readiness of the hospital for relief in emergency situations, and 65 questionnaires were completed by the staff. The participants were selected using simple random sampling. Crisis-related accreditation measures were also collected from the Crisis Management Unit of the hospital. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software and using Simironov and Pierson tests. According to the results of this study, the readiness of the Fajr Hospital was not in a good condition (average: 2.74 out of 5 Likert scale). Among the dimensions studied, the degree of familiarity with psychological issues was lower than other dimensions, and the degree of familiarity with epidemiology  and care units  were the highest. Also, the average of the establishment of accreditation measures was 77% in hospitals and the coefficient of correlation between hospitals’ ability to respond to crisis and establishment of accreditation measures was 0.64 which is a statistically significant relationship. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of crisis management standards in hospital accreditation programs with current situation conditions can not promote crisis preparedness.