نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 11 (زمستان 1393)

At the present time the capacity of electricity generation in the country is 70.000 megawatts and the total capacity of water reservoir is approximately fifty billion cubic meters that in case of utilizing Bakhtiary Hydroelectric Power Plant, 1500 megawatts is added to the capacity of electricity generation and about five billion cubic meters of water is added to national water reservoir volume. The construction phase of Bakhtiary HEPP began from 2008 (1378 Iranian calendar) and due to a proposed agreement and allocating more than 32.000 billion rials budget by the government, it is expected to come into operation in 2018 (1396). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and explore the aforementioned threats with a passive defense approach. And the attempt by the experts working on the with passive defense approach and it has been attempted to prove or reject a hypothesis supporting by experts working in the project and specialists in passive defense affairs who are aware of the inner and the external structure of the project. The hypothesis says "hard threatens such as rockets, semi-hard threats including graphite and electro-magnetic bombs, as well as soft threats like economic sanctions and cyber attacks are all among the most important threats towards Bakhtiary HEPP from a passive defense point of view. The method of this research is descriptive and the results show that soft threats such as cyber attacks and economic sanctions and semi-hard attacks like electro-magnetic bombs, as well as hard ones (air threats and rockets) are all among most important threats of Bakhtiary HEPP.

One of the important goals in current wars is to disable information and communication systems, specifically enemy broadcast. Since the role of national broadcast in controlling public opinion is inevitable, the continuation of its work, during a crisis, is doubled. The most important issue in signal performance stabilization is to keep communication between receivers and transmitters, which is generally done through earth or satellite transmission. This study was conducted to answer how, by utilizing passive defense measures, we can stabilize the efficiency of national broadcast against the threats caused by a war and what procedures can help us to keep on earth and satellite transmission. The hypothesis was discussed by a group of 60 managers and technical experts for emergency caused by a war, utilizing modern signal transmission through a passive defense approach. That how we can stabilize the performance of the national broadcast, in a crises caused by a war, needs a survey on the factors of a stabilized broadcast in such a situation. Using modern transmission procedures such as SFN – STMI – IPTV, capabilities like RDS in radios, SNG, satellite signal transmission capability and passive defense measures were among the initial practical proposals. After analyzing the data, the following result was acquired: using different parallel signal transmission, mobile transmitters, dispersion, camouflage, concealment, STMI, information coding, applying balloons for transmission and mobile receivers are among appropriate ways in a crises caused by a war.

The present study has been aimed at understanding the basic considerations of passive defense in crisis management caused by an attack against railroad infrastructure. The main question is what the passive defense considerations are in crisis management caused by an attack against railroad infrastructure. The hypothesis states that camouflage, concealment, cover and deception lead to reduction in visibility, misdetection, misconducting and negligence. This paper is a practical study and is performed by descriptive method. The sample population is 113 people, which is chosen among a simple classified method. Data was collected by using a questionnaire and a library method. The hypothesis is derived by statistical methods and statistical data have been analyzed by SPSS and Excel software. In order to categorize the principles of passive defense for railroad infrastructure, Friedman test under SPSS software are used. The results indicate that in the basic considerations of passive defense, using deception to mislead and unawareness of the enemy, concealment to reduce visibility of the enemy, cover to misconduct the detection and aiming of the enemy and camouflage to reduce the detection and recognition capability of the enemy are effective.

Communication is considered as a nerve system for a country and is responsible for unique, vital, and decisive role of the government. As a result, it is a top priority for the enemies in hostile actions. This study is seeking to identify the damages and threats to the national communication network and their impacts on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is an analytic - descriptive method, which has considered the damages and threats to national communication network as an independent variable. The population of the survey consists of 105 people including experts and 55 of senior experts in the field of communication network and passive defense. Data collection tool is a researcher- made questionnaire that its validity is approved by the expert, using the Delphi method and its reliability for questionnaire is also determined %77 by use of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In analyzing research data, SPSS software, a range of descriptive statistical indices, average numbers, standard deviation distribution, derivational sample test of T-Tak and Freidman variance analysis have been used. The hypothesis of the research states that damages regarding old equipment, lack of specialized personnel, digital vacancy, financial, economic and political shortages, active/ inactive threats, country's own distribution network are known as major damages and threats for critical national infrastructure, that can endanger the national security of the I.R.I. this follows another question; what damages and threats are considered for national communication network and what impacts it has on the national security of the I.R.I. The results of the research indicate that old equipment and employing non- local hardware, political limitations and lack of knowledge and technology are among the main damages of communication network, and false information integrity, electronic interception, distribution losses are among the major threats for national communication network which has a direct impact on security of the I.R.I.

Ever- increasing development and progress in ICT (information and communications technology) have led to rivalry among organizations in the last decade. In this research, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcast (IRIB) is studied for its policy- making in the field of IT. The main goal of this research is to identify efficient factors on IRIB policy - making in the field of IT. The other goals include identifying software/ hardware efficient factors in policy- making in IRIB in the field of IT. The main question is what the efficient factors on IRIB policy - making are in the field of IT. The other questions ask what are efficient software/ hardware factors in policy- making in IRIB in the field of IT. The main hypothesis is the efficient software / hardware factors in policy - making in IRIB in the field of IT, which is categorized into two divisions; internal and external, and are considered in sixteen indices or components. The study is carried out among 101group members in IRIB, including administrators, vice presidents and experts in the field of IT. The results applying the T test show that using managers with little knowledge of IT in the head of these fields has the most negative effects on IT field of the IRIB. Among the external factors, the most important challenge and also the most important opportunity for IRIB in IT policy- making was recognized as developing of the social networks and satellite broadcast, as well as providing services and programs in the context of IT.

Since using any unarmed actions that reduce vulnerability to counter the threats and military actions of the enemy, are among the passive defense measures; hence the passive defense measures undertaken, lead to increase the survival and viability of country's manpower. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how passive defense measures can be used to reduce the vulnerability of bioterrorist threats (microbial agents) in the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. The main research question is what roles army's passive defense measures play in reducing the vulnerability in countering the threat of bioterrorism (microbial agents). The main hypothesis states that passive defense can prevent bioterrorism (microbial agents) and countering this threat through reducing vulnerability in the Army. This study was conducted by a cross-sectional analytic method, and it is an applied one. The research population was 158 people, including doctors, laboratory technicians, nurses, professors, Farabi University master students of passive defense, the professors and staff of IRI Army NBC Faculty. The sample population by Cochran formula was randomly selected from 79 faculty members, students, doctors, laboratory technicians and nurses. The results show that appropriate education planning, informing staff members and establishing laboratories and research centers have fundamental and practical role in the fight against microbial attacks of the enemy.

This force will be threatened due to the use of nonfatal weapons such as electromagnetic and graphite bombs by countries outside the region. Thus achieving equipment protection strategies and computer, electronic and communication systems, in countering electromagnetic phenomena and dealing graphite bombs (graphite fibers and powder form), requires exact knowledge and analysis of direct and indirect effects on various processing, communication parts, and energy fences and infrastructure. The purpose of this study, is to derive the most important passive defense considerations, communication and equipment systems (both air and ground) and energy infrastructure of IRIAF in dealing with the non-fatal weapons. The main question of this paper is what are passive defense considerations for communication and equipment systems and energy infrastructure of IRIAF in dealing nonfatal weapons. The method has been used in this paper, is a descriptive analytic method that after data collection through documents and observation using inferential statistics; via Microsoft Excel and SPSS is analyzed. Studying hypotheses of the survey by the help of teachers, experts and IRIAF commanders and the analyses of the findings, using derivation statistics show that implementing the research recommendations are effective in protecting IRIAF above systems.