نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 39 (زمستان 1398)

In order to study the effect of water stress and foliar application of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of sunflower for second cropping system, a field experiment in split plot design with three replications was conducted at the Agriculture Education Center of Birjand, in 2014 growing season. Water stress at two levels (control and grain filling stages) were assigned as main plots and four micronutrient treatments; Control, Fe, Zn, and Fe +Zn, were randomized in sub-plots. The results showed that plant height, head diameter, leaf number in the flowering and grain filling stages, head dry weight, leaf area index (LAI) in the flowering and grain filling stages, number of grain per head, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and seed/husk were not affected by water stress, but reduced harvest index. Water stress at the grain filling stage reduced harvest index (18.29 %) compared to the control. Foliar application with micronutrient fertilizer (Fe and Zn) were not significantly different on all traits (With the exception of the number of leaves maturity). Foliar application with (Fe +Zn) increased number of leaves compared to the other treatments. Also, interaction between water stress and foliar application on traits were not significant. According to the results of this experiment, stopping irrigation at the grain filling stage and Foliar application with micronutrient fertilizer (Fe and Zn) were not significantly different for grain yield of sunflower for second cropping system in Birjand.

In order to evaluate the effect of furrow irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of corn cultivars, an experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Shushtar city. Irrigation patterns (main plot) include: furrow full irrigation(control), fixed alternate furrow irrigation, variable alternate furrow irrigation, two time alternate furrow irrigation and one full irrigation and two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation and maize cultivars (subplots), including: S.C 704 and Karun. Results showed that the maximum grain yield by 5260.5 kg/h obtained from full irrigation furrow and after that it was belonged to and two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation by 4530.4 kg/h. The interaction between two treatments showed that the maximum grain yield in S.C 704 cultivar obtained in furrow full irrigation with 5120 kg/ha which was not significantly different as compared to the two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation by 4723 kg/h. Generally, in areas with water deficit can recommend the management of two times full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation and use of S.C 704 cultivar.

Using organic fertilizers to replace or considerably reduce the use of chemical fertilizers leads to an increase in the quality and performance of the sustainable production of crops. A field experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications was carried out to compare application of vermicompost, urea and their combinations in Agricultural Education and Medicinal Plant Research Center of Isfahan province during 2016. Five levels of fertilizers: control, 100% vermicompost (3429 kg ha-1), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea (86.86 kg ha-1 urea + 2283.71 kg ha-1 vermicompost), 66.6% urea + 33.3% vermicompost (173.73 kg ha-1 urea + 1141.85 kg ha-1 vermicompost) and 100% urea (260.86 kg ha-1) were used in two cultivars of dill (Varamin and Isfahani). The results indicated that 66.6% and 33.3% urea vermicompost increased the number of umbel (13.6 %), 1000-seed weight (19.3 %), plant dry weight (21.9 %), grain yield (33.4 %), harvest index (18.5%) and essential oil yield (27.5%) compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the highest percentages of essential oil percentage (0.80%), d-Carvone (91.49%) and linalool (2.61%) were obtained related to 100% vermicompost. Therefore, using integrated chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer application without significant decline in yield quantity and quality, could be decreased consume chemical fertilizer and its impacts on environment.

The Matricaria chamomile are medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, which have many pharmaceutical properties. Salicylic acid naturally occurs in plants at a very low concentration. It is a common plant-produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of mutation. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of salicylic acid on biochemical and physiological characteristics of M. chammomile. The seeds of M. chammomile were grown in the greenhouse with the mean day/night temperature and relative humidity of 29 ± 4˚C, 38 ± 5% RH/17 ± 2˚C, 59 ± 5% RH respectively. To investigate the effects of salicylic acid on morphological characteristics of M. chammomile .Fourteen weeks old plants were subjected to different levels of salicylic acid [control, 150, 300, and 450 mg l-1]. Our results showed that salicylic acid caused a significant change in proline content, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activity in M. chammomile but phenolic compounds has shown different profiles. The essential oil components of M. chammomilewere identified and analyzed by GC/MS and GC technique. Polyphenol components were identified and analyzed by HPLC method. The main components of essential oil were α-Bisabolol oxide A, Chamazulene and En-in-dicycloether. The main components of polyphenols wereChloregeni acid, Caffeic acid, Catechin, Sinapic acid, Hesperidin, Ellagic acid, Quercetin, Eugenol. The proportions of these main compounds and synthesis of some important essential oil components were induced by salicylic acid.

In order to study the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum economic yield and productivity indices, a field experiment was conducted as a completely randomized blocks design with three replications during growing in 2014-2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Treatment included 1 row of lettuce + 1 row alyssum (1:1), 2 rows lettuce + 2 rows alyssum (2:2), 3 rows lettuce + 3 rows alyssum (3:3) and their monoculture. The results showed that the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum was significant on fresh weight of both crops. The highest fresh weight of lettuce and alyssum was observed in monoculture with 36200 and 5909.2 kg per hectare, respectively. The highest total land equivalent ratio (1.04) was obtained from 2:2 treatment, indicating 4% yield advantage of intercropping and represents a more efficient use of land in this cropping pattern compared to the monoculture of two crops. The highest competition index was achieved from 3:3 treatment (2.96). In addition, the highest system productivity index was obtained in row intercropping pattern 2:2 with 35466.5. Therefore, it seems that the row intercropping pattern of 2:2 was higher in land equivalent ratio and as well as system productivity index compared to other row intercropping patterns to obtain the highest yield and income than monoculture.

Weeds are one of the greatest problems in bean production. In order to evaluate integrating herbicide and cultivation in red bean weed management, an experiment conducted in Damavand city, Tehran Province, in 2013. The main factor consisted two levels soil cultivating and no cultivating. Pre emergence Imazethapyr (Pursuit, 10% SL, BASF, Germany) application in 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1, post emergence Imazethapyr application in 0.3, 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1, and no herbicide application as control considered as levels of subplot. Field weed species were Redroot pigweed, Common lambsquarter, European bindweed, and Pipper weed. Results indicated soil cultivation reduced weed dry matter from 4634 to 1626 kg.ha-1 and bean grain yield increased 243 to 904 kg.ha-1. Application of 1 L.ha-1 Imazethapyr as pre and post emergence decreased weed dry weight 1032 and 1120 kg.ha-1 respectively and bean grain yield increased 977 and 1482 kg.ha-1 respectively. Integrating soil cultivation and Imazethapyr application in 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1 as pre and post emergence, reduced weed dry weight from 345 and 455 kg.ha-1 respectively and increased bean grain yield 5461 and 4963 kg.ha-1 respectively. Also integrating soil cultivation and Imazethapyr application has significant and positive effect on bean leaf area index, plant height, chlorophyll concentration, branches No., and biological yield. As shown results, application of 1 L.ha-1 Imazethapyr as pre emergence with soil cultivation is a good recommendation for successful bean grain yield and minimum herbicide application.

In this study, the Aquacrop model was evaluated to predict the crop yield and the water use efficiency of tomato in climatic conditions Kahriz region, and use mulch cover was modeling. The research was carried out at split plot factorial experiment based on randomized design. The factors of between-row spacing (100 and 120cm), in-row spacing (30 and 40cm) and black plastic were studied. The treatment of black plastic were: full ridge and half furrow were covered by mulch; full furrow and half ridge were covered by mulch and control (no mulch). Every plot was irrigated separately. The model was calibrated by the use of first year’s data, and as a result on the base of R2 (0.99) and NRMSE (0.19). Efficiency parameters, it is obvious that Aquacrop appropriately simulates the crop yield, WUE and soil water content of the root zone for tomato under different planting densities and three types of mulch.

For physiological importance of parameters of nonlinear regression in sigmoidal growth patterns, eight nonlinear regression models (Beta 1, Beta 2, Logistic, Richards, Gompertz, Symmetrical expolinear, Truncated expolinear, Weibull) used for describing of changing trend of accumulated dry matter and two models as: Logistic and Beta for qualification of changing trend of LAI in two cultivar of wheat in two level of N-fertilizer. Thus, an factorial experiment in RCB design with four replications performed which treatment were two level of N-fertilizer and two cultivar of wheat (0, 150 kg/h (cv. Kohdasht) + 0, 120 kg/h (cv. Durum)) during the seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 in the research field of Gonbad Kavous University, then analyzed in combination method. Results of plotting of LAI data in logistic and beta models showed that both of models described changing trend of LAI and in either cultivar or model, applying of fertilizer decreased RMSE and upgraded R2 slowly. LAImax of cv.kohdasht was more than it in cv.durum in each fertilizer level and models. Also, results revealed that all models could describe changing trend of accumulated dry matter in either fertilizer level, but Richards, symmetrical-expolinear, Truncated-expolinear, Weibull models were some better than others. Further estimated value of parameters in these models (maximum accumulated dry matter, RGR in linear phase, RGR in expolinear phase, missed time to beginning of expolinear phase, slope of dry matter and time of CGRmax) are very practical in simulation studies, cultivars comparings, growth analyses and simulation of growth and production of wheat.

The experiment, is based on the standard scenarios, loaders case IPCC (B1, A2, A1B) by general circulation model (HadCM3) with the use of fine scale model (LARS-WG) with the aim to evaluate the effect of climate change on the phonological stages answer C3 plants, in research farm of agricultural college of Lorestan University in cropping years 2014-15 and 2015-16 With, in two consecutive years and rain fed conditions was conducted in one place. Complementary components of intercropping of broad leaf vetch and barley in 5 levels, weeds and compost as well as four levels, respectively. in 4×5 factorial experiment with in a randomized complete block design was used for the target year 2055 AD (1445 Shamsi) in dry land conditions. Climatic factors as temperature, precipitation and daily radiation in period of study with simulation used LARS-WG modeling. Thus, min and max temperature oscillation in the future desirable for growth of C3 plants (broad leaf vetch and barley). Also, average precipitation is slightly more and will reduce the length of the period of growth and failure to deal with the above optimal temperatures and drought stress and escape from the end of the season due to being the period in accordance with growing season, reduce the risk of environmental hazards in the upcoming years due to performance and stability have been achieved fitted.

This experiment was carried out to study the response of two chickpea cultivars to application of biological and chemical fertilizers in Media Callan Research Farm, located in Kamyaran city- Sanandaj province during 2015. The experiment was split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this study, the main factor with six levels of fertilization including: control: no fertilization, Azetobarvar (as nitrogen bio fertilizer), Phosphobarver (as phosphor bio fertilizer), Potabarvar (as potassium bio fertilizer), combining of Azetobarvar + Phosphobarver + Potabarvar and the recommended chemical ferlizer and subplot were two chickpea cultivars, including: Bivanij and Adel. The results showed that only spad affected significantly by fertilizers as the maximum spad was found in Potabarvar. Also despite of no significant differnce within fertilizers, the maximum seed yield was found in chemical fertilizer and following that in combining of Azetobarvar + Phosphobarver + Potabarvar. In this study the most characters was different significantlly amoung chikpea cultivars. As the lowest numbers of hullow pod in plant and the maximum numbers of day to emergence, numbers of secondary stem, numbers of seed in plant and seed protein percent was found in Adel but the most 100 seed weight achieved in Bivanij.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenanthrene and pyrene as two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on germination, growth and some biochemical indices in bread wheat seedlings. Wheat seedlings were cultivated hydroponically and treated by 50, 100, 150 and 200 µM of phenanthrene and pyrene for 7 days. Activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), as well as H2O2, MDA and photosynthetic pigments content, were measured. The results showed that both pollutants reduced germination percentage, so that the lowest germination percentage was phenanthrene (54.44%) at 200 μm. Phenanthrene more than pyrene reduced the content of photosynthetic pigmentation, the lowest percentage of chlorophyll a (51.54%), chlorophyll b (48.25%) and carotenoids (63.42%) were related to phenanthrene treatment (200 μM). Both pollutants significantly increased the content of hydrogen peroxide (7 times) and malondialdehyde (1.5 times). Increasing the concentration of both pollutants resulted in a significant decrease (up to 70%) in the activity of the three APX, POD and SOD enzymes, but only phenanthrene significantly reduced (49.12%) activity of the catalase. These results indicated that induction of oxidative stress is one of the main reasons for lower plant growth rate and other harmful outcomes in PAHs contaminated environments.

Drought stress is the most limiting factor for producing wheat grain yield, especially in southern Iran. In order to recognize the most influential appropriate agronomic traits on grain yield of promising wheat genotypes (16 line) under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions, this study was conducted at Darab, Fars province in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Drought stress was started after anthesis and continued to physiological maturity. Days to physiological maturity was counted during growing seasons. At the end of growing seasons, 1000-kernal weight, grain no. per spike, spikelet no. per spike, floret no. per spikelet, tiller no. per unit area, crop height, grain yield, above ground biological yield (BY) and harvest index (HI) were measured. Four statistical methods including simple correlation, multiple linear regression, stepwise regression and path analysis were used for determined the relationship between the above mentioned traits and grain yield under the two irrigation treatments. Results showed that BY and HI for normal irrigation and for drought condition days to physiological maturity, BY and HI were the most important influential traits on yield. Based on the most statistical analysis, the BY role on grain yield was lower at drought condition than normal irrigation. Also, improving grain yield was attributed to HI under drought condition.

To study the response of wheat genotypes to drought and the effects of gene expression, experiments were conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete and randomized complete blocks designs with three replications respectively, in laboratory and greenhouse, during 2015, at Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah,Iran. factors of the designs were included twenty wheat genotypes (Ten drought-resistant and sensitive genotypes) and six levels of osmotic potential. Molecular biology technologies were conducted in faculty of pharmacy ,University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. The results showed that, drought resistant genotypes, Pishtaz,Azar2 and Parsi were Forty percentage, date and rate of germination superior to the drought-sensitive genotypes,Pishgam,Owhadi and Rasad. Root dry weight in the Parsi genotype with 78.99 mg, the maximum amount and more than three times the lowest root dry weight of 24.08 mg was observed in Rasad genotype.in greenhouse High and low limit values of the percentage,date and rate of emergence and plants weight Belonged to drought-resistant genotype,Parsi and drought-sensitive genotype, Pishgam,respectively Increased drought stress in Parsi genotype increased the gene expression TaPMT1,which clearly demonstrates the involvement of this gene at least at the level of gene expression in response to osmotic stress that due to no significant changes expression in sensitive genotype,Pishgam ,can be this gene as a main candidate for further investigation proposed at the level of molecular biology.

IIn order to determine the best sowing date for forage Sorghum in eastern regions of Hormozgan coastal strip, an experiment was conducted for two years as a strip plot in RCBD at Agricultural Research Station of Minab. Sowing dates (including 7 and 23 Oct., 6 and 22 Nov., 6 and 22 Dec., 21 Mar., 4 and 21 Apr. and 20 May) were as main plot and three Sorghum cultivars [Speedfeed (SPF), KFS1 and KFS2] were as subplot. Forage yield responses such as number of harvest per year, fresh forage yield per year, fresh forage yield per harvest, plant height, crude protein content and dry matter percentage were measured. The highest number of harvest per year was observed in SPF cultivar planted at 7 Oct. (8.2), and 6 Nov. and Dec. (7.2) and the lowest in KFS1 cultivar planted at 21 Mar. (2.5) and 4 Apr. (1.5 harvest). The maximum fresh forage yields was obtained for KFS2 planted on 21 Mar. (176.7 t/ha), for KFS1 planted on 23 Oct. (113.0 t/ha) and for SPF planted on 21 Apr. (173.7 t/ha). The highest crude protein content (~20%) was observed in sowing dates of 7 Oct., 20 May and 23 Oct.; sowing date of 22 Nov. had the lowest crude protein content (13.4%). The best sowing dates for coastal regions of Hormozgan for KFS2 and SPF as high yielding cultivars of this trial with 176.5 and 173.5 t/ha/yr fresh forage, were 21 Mar. and 21 Apr., respectively.

Application of methanol foliar on aerial parts of plants increases their yield and accelerates their ripening and also the use of nano-fertilizers for precise control of nutrients release can be an effective step towards achieving sustainable agriculture. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of methanol and potash fertilizers on photosynthetic pigments, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized completely blocks design with three replications in 2015-2016 at Research Farm, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Factors included three levels of methanol (0), 10 and 15% by volume and three levels of nano-potash fertilizer (0), 2 and 4 per thousand. Results showed that foliar application of methanol had only a significant effect on harvest index. Effect of nano-potash fertilizer on spike per plant was significant. Interaction between nano-potash fertilizer foliar and methanol on grains per spike, plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll and carotenoids was significant, while there was no significant effect on grain weight and biological yield. The highest and the lowest of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids contents were found in foliar treatment with 10% methanol and 4 kg nano-potash and control (no application), respectively. The highest grains per spike and grain yield were obtained with 15% methanol and 4 kg nano-potash compared to control treatment (40 and 45 percent), respectively. Overall, results showed that foliar treatment 15% methanol with 4 kg/ha nano-potash could possibly be useful to increase wheat yield.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of application time of dual purpose herbicides and mixing herbicides on weeds control and growth, physiological, yield and components yield of wheat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments included Total (sulfosulfuron+metsulfuron-methyl), atlantis (idosulfuron+ mesosulfuron+ Mefenpyer-diethyl), Othello (mesosulfuron+ iodosulfuron+ diflufenican+ mefenpyr-diethy), Apirous (sulfosulfuron), Granstar (tribeneron methyl)+Topic (clodinafoppropargyl) in two application times such as primary tillage and primary booting. Treatment of without application of herbicides and hand weeding in two studied times also were used as control. Results showed that aplication of dual purpose herbicides and Granstar +Topic along hand weeding in different consuming times had significant difference on traits such as leaf area, spikes number per m2, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and prolin content (p<0.01). On the basis of results, in the most cases herbicides applications and hand weeding in primary tillage time increased effeiciency of them as compared to primary booting.

Considering the important role of amaranth as a precious nutrition source with high potential and restrictions of regional water resources , this experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the effects of different irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels on some morphological characteristics and forage yield of amaranth. This experiment was carried out at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbayjan in 2016. Experimental design was based on randomized complete blocks in a split plot arrangement with three replications. The main factors were irrigation intervals (7, 11, and 15 days) and the sub factors were nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg of pure N ha-1). Results showed that irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels had significant) effects on plant height, number of leaf per plant, weight of leaf, weight of shoot, and biological yield of amaranth. Increasing irrigation intervals from 11 to 15 days reduced 25 percent of amaranth forage yield. Additionally, with the increase of nitrogenlevel we found an increase in features of the yield including the plant height, leaf number, leaf weight, and forage yield. Applying 60 kg nitrogen/ha increased 26 % in plant height, 13 % leaf number, 15 % leaf weight, 25 % stem weight and 38 % in forage yield compared to control. Therefore, 11 days irrigation interval, and 60 kg/ha nitrogen can be suggested to increase amaranth yield at Urmia conditions .

Drought stress is a major contributor to decrease growth and yield of wheat that decline the absorption of micronutrients especially zinc from the soil. This experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate on increasing tolerance to drought stress in wheat, at research farm of Fereydunshahr, Esfahan province in 2016-2017. Treatments included drought stress at 50, 75 and 90% field capacity (FC) and zinc sulfate solution at zero (control), 0.5% and 1% in three stages (tillering, stem elongation, flag leaf appearance). In this experiment, drought stress significantly reduced plant height, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, spike length, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and protein. Irrigation in 50% of crop capacity (severe stress) increased the amount of proline by 41.24% compared to control. Zinc sulfate solution (1%) significantly increased all parameters including seed yield (2602.3 kg/ha), biological yield (7603 kg/ha), protein (13.04%) and Proline (35.03 μM/g fresh weight). In the interaction of zinc sulfate solution (1%), under severe stress conditions, chlorophyll b was increased by 34.85% relative to non-soluble spray. In general, foliar application of zinc decreased harmful effects of oxidative stress due to water deficit stress and improved growth conditions for plants.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with three replications on a factorial experiment with two factors including four levels of methanol include 0 (Control), 7, 14, and 21 volumetric percentage and four levels of ascorbic acid include (0 Control), 250, 500, and 750 mg/lit was used. Methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications were done two times during the growing season with 15 days intervals and spraying started in 72 code stage of BBCH-scale. Measured traits in this experiment were consisted of: pod yield, seed yield, biological yield, protein yield, oil yield, pod water use efficiency, chlorophyll, leaf relative water content and leaf osmotic potential. The results showed the simple effects of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications on measured traits were positive significant. The maximum amount on measured traits were observed by two foliar application of methanol treatments (14 and 21 % (v/v)) and two foliar application of ascorbic acid treatments (500 and 750 mg/l) during experiment. In comparison to the control (without foliar application methanol), methanol application at 14 and 21 % v/v levels increased seed yield up to 20.15% and 24.65% respectively. The 17.36% and 20.67% amount of seed yield increase at 500 and 750 mg/l of ascorbic acid application respectively, in comparison to the control (without foliar application ascorbic acid).

In order to investigate the effect of adding adjuvant on reducing the dose of sulfosulfuron+metsulfuronmethyl, herbicide a field experiment was conducted in a private farm in Hekmaabad village of Sabzevar in 2013-2014 in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors were: The test factors were: adjuvants doses at the two levels: recommended (1% of the source of citoute) and recommended +50% and the reduced amount of sulfosulfuron + methyl sulforon methyl (total) herbicide at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 And 100% recommended dose (45 g ha-1 from WG 80% formulation). Weed weight, weed damage, crop damage, plant height, fertile tiller number, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and economic yield were measured. The results showed that the addition of adjuvant caused a further reduction of weed dry weight and a increased percentage of damage to weed and crops, and biological and economic yield, while not affecting other traits. The logistic dose-response result showed that herbicide required to reduce the weed weight by 50% in the recommended dose of adjuvant was 61.29% and for recommended+50 dose adjuvant was 41.93%. The use of recommended herbicide dosage reduced the weed weight, weed damage, crop damage, plant height, number of fertile tillers, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and economic yield as compared to control. There was no significant difference with 75% recommended dose.