نامه فرهنگستان
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (پاییز 1397)

Ahmad Azizi, among the poets of the Islamic Revolution, is a poet who has attempted to revive the mystical tradition. He insists to write the mystical issues in a form of poetry in the present standard language. the unity of existence and its belongings are among the mystical issues that occupied Ahmad Azizi's mind. In this article, it is shown that Ahmad Azizi, in addition to the serious entry into the issue of the unity of existence with the same concept in the mystical tradition, has taken into consideration its belongings (the objectivity of the creator and creature, and the origin of existence, etc.) and has also presented a relatively coherent intellectual perspective on this issue.

Literary critics in the fictional literature of the Southern Climate have mentioned three trends in fiction: "The tendency to write from the industrial and labor environment," "the tendency to write from the sea," and "the writing of the village." The imposition of the imposed war and its subsequent consequences transforms the climatic literature of this area and links it with war literature. Many stories about the southern climate are written about war. The sacrifices of the southern people, describing the devastation of the war and the suffering of the displaced, the problems of living in camps, the migration of war-torn cities and ... are the main themes of the southern climates of literature, which are linked to the theme of war and reflected in many stories. In the war, many cities in the southern region were exposed to the invasion and attack. In the works of fiction, the name of three cities of Khorramshahr, Ahvaz and Abadan is more outstanding. In the literature of war, Khorramshahr is a symbol of resistance, epic, glory and values; social issues affected by war are also often found in narratives that are based on the stories of cities such as Ahvaz and Abadan. The authors of this article, while discussing climate literature and adding "the tendency to write from the war" in the classification of southern climates, focus on representing the cities of Khorramshahr, Ahvaz and Abadan in narrative samples.

Using a descriptive-analytical method and adopting an interdisciplinary, narratological approach, the present study seeks to explore the structure of time in the novel Track 143 and the film adapted from it. To this aim, based on Genette’s narratology model, the present research studies two concepts of ‘order’ and ‘duration’ in the abovementioned media to uncover underlying narrative structures of the text and the film to grasp underlying meaning of both media to better understand them. Besides, this research might be regarded as an introduction to narrative criticism of film adaptations. In the novel Track 143, because of its genre, duration of the narration is full of descriptive pauses and internal monologues that sometimes slow down narration to the extent that it becomes tedious for the reader. Therefore, in this novel, constant pace that includes ellipsis and summary is used less than descriptive and scene pauses, and the author has applied ellipsis between chapters more frequently to let the narration flow smoothly. Compared to the novel version, the Track 143 film is more consistent and because there are fewer locations, it narrates a more limited time. Thus, unlike the novel, the film tends to make more use of ellipsis and summary than pause. Moreover, the film, by nature, has made the best use of dialogue and scene in order to transfer information about and emotions of characters.

In verse lines of Seyyed Hassan Hosseini, well-known poet of post–Islamic revolution era, a good variety of verbal, structural and rhetorical satires are unveiled. Among these, the satires created through employing potentialities of rhetorical devices are of a great distinct and that is owing to a unique view and fresh presentation and also owing to a refuse in repetition of ordinary and most-used norms in writing satires. Moreover, broad functions of rhetorical devices used in satirical versification have been unearthed via close reading and deep analysis of Seyyed Hassan Hosseini's verse lines. The extensive functions of rhetorical devices in satirical versification have got two distinct aspects: first; artistic expression and decline of emphasis which are a notable measure and device in poetry hermeneutics and in taking satire far from popular and surface view, putting it out of time borders. Second; characterization of the specific role of rhetorical devices in creating satire, that means rhetorical devices, in addition to their ordinary functions in non-satirical poetry, cause novel potentialities when writing satires and this, in turn, leads in eradicating the creativity limits and in making poetry escape from repeating old and ordinary norms.

The nature and identity of Holy Defense Literature follows the unbreakable links with knowledge and power systems that form the dominant discourse for observing the phenomena of Islamic revolution and eight-year-war. The subject of this paper is “The Study of Alienating Mechanisms in the Theory of Fiction Literature of Holy Defense (emphasizing on the book A discussion on the terminology of the basis and concepts of Holy Defense fiction literature). Using the theoretical concepts of speech order and discourse analysis, we have tried to clarify the author’s reasons for theorizing in the field of Islamic Revolution literature and Holy defense literature, as an innovation for organizing, conducting and managing the discourse contradictions which have been formed gradually around these two literatures. This study presents that the author has used the mechanisms of “naming”, “replacing the problem with subject”, “social constructing of a subject and introducing it as a problem” and “presenting doctrine before exact explanation of the problem” in order to prove and fix the discourse of Holy Defense fiction literature. It can be argued that: the Holy Defense fiction literature theory of Shakeri is mostly for fending the danger of writers whom he calls: “particular antis”.

After globalization in the field of European arts and literature, modernism became the source of fiction in Iran and the Iranian writers tested modernist writing. Meanwhile, some of the writers of the holy defense also gradually turned to modern writing techniques by completing the documentary record of war events and the structure of realist novels. The result of this approach is the manifestation of fictional devices in the sacred defense novels and the liberation of these works from the usual practices of realist stories. Reza Amirkhani, in his novel Man-e ou and Majid Gheisari in the book of Bagh-e-Talo, with some of the modernist implications (lack of linearity of narrative time, angular change of sight, complexity and negligence of personality, subjective and limited time and space, the representation of the inner reality, the author's absence in the text, loneliness and technical uncertainty) are on the path to modern fiction literature. The authors of this paper will assess how to apply the new methods of modern fiction writing in these works. The most important assumptions of the present research emphasize the fact that the authors of these novels have attempted to reflect some of the modernist elements in their works based on the mechanisms of modern novels.

Parvaneh Nejati, a contemporary poet, is devoted to holy defense by using simple, emotional and feminine language in his poetry. By analyzing this section of his poems, one can see the main features of this poem, In this regard, he examined his poetry, especially the poems of his holy defense, in a new and structural way and the three components of cohesion, familiarity and structure of the image, which is one of the important discussions of structuralism, has been the focus of the research. What is the result of this research is the understanding of the characteristics of language simplicity and language structures, the use of the element of emotion and the representation of facts in a way of describing and familiarizing the past literary standards that highlighted the poet's poetry. In fact, the sincerity and simplicity of the language of his poetry is a familiarization of literary principles and traditions, which makes sense of comprehension as tangible and emotional. In addition, there are questions about the main ways of familiarization, the structure of images, and the existence of a large image in his poems.

The sacred defense poetry is a vast literary flow that, in its heart, embraces all the streams and literary circles that are sympathetic to the universal values of holy defense. The sacred defense poetry is not limited to literary tendencies and special forms, and this is one of the reasons for the multiplicity of this flow and the attention of the poets, with various desires. One of the areas that, despite the non-ideological claim, is to the events of war and sacred defense from the most often sympathetic angle of view, the so-called postmodern ghazal. This research examines the less well known phenomena of war in postmodern ghazal through studying examples of it.