نشریه بیولوژی کاربردی
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1395)

Today, electron therapy has a lot of advantages such as: its homogenous, dose in the target volume, low absorbed dose for the normal tissues, non-effective transmitted dose of air bubble which surrounded the target (in comparison of photon treatments), controllability in turning on and electron beam flux adjustment during the treatment. It has no interchangeable case in the most treatment centers. Electron can use for up to 20cm depth in radiation therapies. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, a design of flexible guider for the electron accelerator output, which may increase the treatment ability effectively. One of the important of its advantages is non-limited ability in treatment of tumors in case of deep depth, in other words overcome to limitation of surface cancer treatment and providing a safe condition for other normal tissues during the radiation therapy. One of the important of its advantages is non-limited ability in treatment of tumors in case of deep depth, in other words overcome to limitation of surface cancer treatment and providing a safe condition for other normal tissues during the radiation therapy. in other words overcome to limitation of surface cancer treatment and providing a safe condition for other normal tissues during the radiation therapy.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality of bottled water in the city of Tehran. This is a descriptive study that the process of doing was selectively brands of mineral water in the city of Tehran. E. coli as the indicator of pollution of water and food. The reason for this is that the bacteria can be found in the feces in large numbers and their presence in drinking water and food is a risk to consumer's health.

In this study to evaluate the infection or the lack of infection of bottled water in Tehran, between 10 valid and high consumption brands, 10 brands selected based on the proposed methods in national standards of Iran. 10 samples selected at random with different production dates (100 samples). At first the Samples was tested with MacConkey broth multiple tube fermentation technique (mpn 9 tubes). Then was tested in lactose broth and mpn method (9 tubes). Finally, was tested to the presence or absence of Salmonella enteritidis with traditional method (three-stage).

Observations and the results of this study showed none of the samples proved to carry microbial problems as E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis and were on the standars ranges.

According to the results, bacterial quality in all tested samples in Tehran, is in accordance with national standards and World Health Organization and not threatening consumer's health and is healthful enough to be used for drinking.

Transcriptomics is one of the most developed branches in the post-genomic era. Transcriptomics focuses on the gene expression at the RNA level and shows the genome wide information of gene structure and gene function in order to reveal the molecular mechanisms involved in specific biological processes. The plant activate the defense system after detect plant pathogens. Recently, transcriptomics has found wide application in agriculture, this knowledge are used for studing the biotic and abiotic stresses, storage diseases and the identification of resistant cultivars. It is essential the gene expression in times of stress. Transcriptomics studies of gene expression increase the information on the mechanisms of tolerance and resistance to plant disease. There are several techniques for analysis of gene expression profiles in plants. The methods used to study gene expression is placed into three categories based on hybridization techniques, techniques based on PCR and sequencing-based techniques can. In this article, it was review on methods to study gene expression and the its application in plant pathology.

The use of medicinal plants plays a vital role in improving the health of human society. Since the plants are the most important transmission route of heavy metals into human food chain and biological cycles, this study which was carried out in 2016, aimed to evaluate the heavy metals such as, lead and Cadmium in ten medicinal plants in Kermanshah. After preparing three samples of each medicinal plants, samples were taken from the acid digestion and the accumulated concentrations of the elements were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. This experiment was carried out 3 replications and in the form of the completely randomized design(CRD). Also statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical packages. The results showed that the minimum and maximum concentrations of cadmium were in Liquorice and Betony (13.7 and 90.7µg. Kg-1 respectively) and also minimum and maximum concentrations of lead were in Dill and Chamomile (9.91 and 20.73µg. Kg-1 respectively). The mean accumulated concentration of any studied elements in specimen is not greater than the WHO approved guidelines. Therefore, the consumption of medicinal plants has no consequences of health hazard for consumers but considering that these medicinal plants have been used extensively in the Kermanshah and harvest and preparation are undisclosed locations, and probability bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the long term will bring, then continuous monitoring of accumulated amounts of heavy metals in medicinal plants is recommended.

Probiotics are live organisms applying advantageous effects to their host, and are often taken as supplementary food or complementary medicine. Nowadays, the rate of probiotic products is widely increased among the world. Reinforcement of body immunity, decrease of serum cholesterol and digestive infection, less risk of cancer attack and decrease of skin allergies and e.t.c., all are the practical features of probiotics. The dermal fungal diseases are infections caused by various dermatophyt spieses attacks to the human and animal skin epiderm, aiming at the skin creatine tissues and make infections with intense or mild clinical significances.During this study, the accordance probiotic was chosen in a laboratory condition, and then 40 wistar male mice, same in age and weight, in a standard condition were divided randomly to five control groups; including positive and negative and three split tests. The process of treatment in three different feeding conditions was examined immediately after applying food contamination and ointment and reaching the maximum level of contamination. The results extracted from the research proved the positive effect of probiotics on the fungus named ‘Microsprum canis’ and the treatment of consequent disease.

Cryopreservation is one of the most appropriate and safest tool to preserve plant germplasm species including plants seeds. In this temperature, physiologic activities and metabolic processes of the seeds and plant members are almost held up and seeds are able to survive at unlimited time periods. In this research, in order to preserve seeds of medicinal plant Foeniculum vulgare L.(Apiaceae) in cryopreservation condition, we used three pre-treatments: Glycerol 30 %, and Plant vitrification solution 2 and Desiccation. After a week all of treated seeds were extracted from the liquid Nitrogen(LN) and were melted in Bain-Marie heater with 42°C. Then seeds were transferred to a germinator in 24°C and 16/8H optical period. Results analyzed statistically through laboratory exploration. Results show, Foeniculum vulgare L. seeds' survival in LN are maintained in all three treatments among which Glycerol 30 % treatment has the highest survival percentage 65%, then Desiccation() and PVS2 with 53% and 15% have germinated, comparing the control 83%. Thus, Glycerol 30 % is recommended as appropriate alternative to preserve this plant seeds for long periods of time in preserving centers of plant germplasm preservation.