نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، پاییز 1397)

The aim of this study was to analysis factors influencing development of entrepreneurial organizational culture in Agricultural Jihad organization of Zanjan province. Statistical population of research were staffs who involved in Agricultural organization of Zanjan province (N=687). The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula (n=122). Sample respondents were selected using proportional stratified sampling method. Research instrument was standard questionnaire. Face and content validity of questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts. Also, calculated values of Cronbach’s Alpha, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) for all variables were confirmed. Results of path analysis showed that motivation stimulating and fostering had no significant effect on development entrepreneurial organizational culture. Also, other effective factors (such as: skills training; change the perception and discovery of opportunity; participation, independence and of responsibility; innovation, creativity and risk appetite; change and evolution of organization values) had positive and significant effect (p≤ 0.01) on development of Entrepreneurial culture. So that these variables explained 87% of variance in the entrepreneurial culture development of Agricultural Jihad organization in Zanjan province.

Iran, which has chosen the policy of resistance economics is required to innovate and entrepreneurship in new economic eras, for the realization of a resistance economy is essential the readiness of economic institutions and the interaction between government and people. The entrepreneur university can be the turning point for training human resources, with new ideas and new thinking, every moment inject a new force, in the vital arteries of the growing society and Society can make use of the emerging developmental ideas of academics. Generally, academic strategies came into decision-making organizations and then enter into executive institutions; the university is the best place to theorize ideas. Therefore, the present review study is based on a comprehensive literature review of available literature and does scientific works in the field of entrepreneur university and resistance economics. Efforts have also been made to take effective steps towards removing the research gap, namely the lack of focus on third-generation universities and their position in the resistance economy. In the end, there were several proposals for, the realization of resistance economy.

Several terms have been applied for students' employability-oriented skills in higher education including entrepreneurship, employability, generic skills, transferable skills, core skills, key skills, enterprise skills and career development learning. Due to variety of terms occasionally used carelessly or interchangeably, terminology can be one the challenges for researchers and practitioners in higher education. Accordingly, this paper aimed to remove ambiguity about these terms and determine their overlap and differences for quite understanding and consequently proper application of them in research and practice in higher agricultural education. Comparing entrepreneurship and employability reveled that pre-founding competencies (mostly opportunity competency) is the characteristic of entrepreneurship and career development learning is the characteristic of employability. Post-founding competencies (managerial competencies) and technical (specialized skills) are among their similarity points. Core, key, generic, transferable, enterprise skills and career development skills can be viewed as an aspect of employability. Core, key, generic, transferable generally are used interchangeably, but some differences can be asserted. In this regard, generic and transferable skills which are synonyms, encompassing a wider range of skills in comparison to core, key and enterprise skills, indeed these skills are a particular type of generic or transferable skills. Core and key skills are synonym, bearing in mind that key skills term was used later, by Experts instead of core skills and since then became common.

In the current situation, employment is one of the most important social challenges in the country. In this regard, one of the institutions that have been trying to solve the problem by implementing employment plans is the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. The purpose of this study was to analysis the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities of the employment plans of the Khomeini Relief Committee in Golestan province. Research is a type of applied research which is done by descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of all experts of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Golestan province (N=80). SPSS and Excel software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the most important opportunities for employment plans were "creating opportunities for the growth and improvement of the personality of the clients" and "protecting the family institution" and the most important threats were "the lack of supportive co-operatives from domestic businesses," "imports of similar products at a lower cost," and "lack of clients familiarity with the methods of advertising". The most important weaknesses were “buying cheap products manufactured by brokers "and" the lack of specific brands for clients' products". The most important strengths were “contributing to the development of the market for production and consumption"and "more flexibility of designs with living environment conditions". The results also show that weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities of employment plans are in the competitive strategy area. That is, we must eliminate the weaknesses by taking advantage of the opportunities.

Entrepreneurial orientation and organizational learning provide possible ways to address the need to encourage and manage strategic change continuously in order to achieve competitive advantage, ensure survival, and generate enhanced performance. As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance in the Jahad-e-Agriculture organization in Hamedan province. It also examined the mediating roles of learning orientation and organizational learning on entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship. The study population included 50 managers that were selected through census method. Data was collected using a standardized self-administered questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alfa coefficient (0.94≥α≥0.70). Data were then analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling by the help of Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results indicated that entrepreneurial orientation was significantly related to organizational learning, learning orientation and organizational performance. There was also a significant relationship between learning orientation and organizational performance. In addition, the results of bootstrap procedure showed that learning orientation mediated the entrepreneurial orientation-organizational performance relationship. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that organizational managers and leaders could improve entrepreneurial orientation by focusing on learning orientation and organization learning and thereby increasing organizational performance.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in Kermanshah. This research is applied in terms of the purpose of the paradigm in the qualitative research group. For analysis of the data, the inductive content analysis method was used. The required information was collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the present study was faculty members of the Faculty of Agriculture of Razi University and entrepreneurs of the agricultural sector. Targeted sampling was used to select the participants and finally the theoretical saturation was performed after ten interviews. To verify the reliability of the findings, the method of reviewing the participants and experts as well as collecting and analyzing data simultaneously was used. By analyzing the content of the text, an interview was conducted on 52 codes indicating the factors affecting the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. The complete list of codes, classified according to conceptual relation, is grouped into six subject categories including Natural resources; financialsupporting capital; characteristics and culture of entrepreneurship; support and training; rules, regulations and policies and infrastructure factors.

The purpose of research was to identify the role of agricultural cooperatives for promotion of entrepreneurial spirit farmers of Mahabad township. This study was descriptive-correlation research and used survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the 230 farmers participating in agricultural cooperatives in the Mahabad township. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table and proportional stratified random sampling technique, 111 farmers were selected as research sample. Interview and questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. Finally, 111 questionnaires were completed and used for data analyzing. The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire in the pre-test phase was confirmed (α= 0.85 to 90). The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the components of entrepreneurial spirit including risk taking, life control, creativity, independence and self-confidence were significant at 99% level. This reflects the impact of the agricultural cooperatives under study in fostering entrepreneurial spirit. Also, the results of the correlations showed that highly educated farmers consider the role and status of cooperatives in entrepreneurial activities. Correlation t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean score of the two components of the present and desirable status. The correlation showed that higher educated farmers find cooperatives more effective in entrepreneurship. Also, the results of data processing showed that there was no significant relationship between the role and position of cooperative in entrepreneurial activities and membership history. The results of paired T test showed that there is a significant difference between the two situation.