فصلنامه توسعه اجتماعی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (تابستان 1398)

The aim of this study is the relationship between lifestyle and environmental behavior of citizens of Shiraz. The "lifestyle theory" of Bourdieu have used in this study related to types of lifestyle using the cocepts such as habitus, sphere and different types of capital; and also environmental behavior have selected as a set of behavior in relation to environment that have affected by individual`s position in social space. The environmental behavior of Kollmuss and Agyeman have used to operate the dimensions of environmental behavior. The survey method is used for this study and statistical population of this study included the people who are over 15 years old in 11 zones of Shiraz According to Cochran formula, the Sample size included 384 people. Statistical samples have obtained through random cluster sampling and the data of this survey have collected through the questionnaire; Ten factors were considered in related to lifestyles through factor analysis; These factors include: management body, cultural lifestyle, sporty lifestyle, leisure lifestyle, religious lifestyle, consciousness and tolerance lifestyle, politely lifestyle, internet lifestyle, high-risk diet, domestic lifestyle and healthy lifestyle. The study shows that, the main effective factors on environmental behavior are: religious lifestyle, healthy lifestyle, sporty lifestyle, leisure lifestyle and politely lifestyle. These lifestyles have a positive and powerful relationship with environmental behavior (the dependent variable) and these independent lifestyle variables, high-risk diet and internet lifestyle; have a negative and powerful relationship with environmental behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lifestyle on fertility behavior of 15-49 years old women in Ahvaz. In this study, economic theory of pristine reproduction and modernity theory are used. The sample size was 384 people who were selected by stratified random sampling according to the statistical population size. In terms of data collection, this study is a survey and descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used in data analysis. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between demographic variables of age and traditional lifestyle with fertility behavior, but there is a negative and significant relationship between education level and modern lifestyle with fertility behavior. Among lifestyle components, there is no significant relationship between cultural consumption and fertility behavior but there is a negative and significant relationship between material consumption and fertility behavior.

In that Bourdieu has indirectly raised the idea of modernity, development, and evolution in his experimental in him works, the main problem is how has peresented development theory in bourdieu works? And it what have charactristics? The results of works bourdieu sistematic review showed that development is change from treditional society with charictristics such as integrality to distinctioned society as field, capital and habitus with with charictristics such as function, straggle, law and organic relations. Developments also have two steps that is first step: The transition from treditional society to moden society and second step: distinctioned in modern society. Bourdieu belived that development is value object in one hand, and it is reality of multi-deminitions that is based on all-sided distinctioned in change framwork the other hand. He argues that development obstecle is integralilty belive and unequal relations of society in international field and dominat implemention of powerfull society, development factor are Comprehensive dictinction, increasingly Comprehensive distinction, gathered most capital forms in huge and contribute, and obtain and maintananec Relative independence of differnce fields in modern society. He emphesise on agent role in development to additional structure.

The present paper is ritualism between sociological researchers. The method of doing this research was combination methods. The statistical population consisted of 405 undergraduates and Ph.D. students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Azad University of Quechan. The strategy used in the qualitative method was collective case study. The target community included faculty members and researchers in the field of sociology who had long resume in doing research which were selected through theoretical sampling method. The results of this research showed that ritualism was existing at all stages of the research, especially in the area of necessity and importance of the research and the literature of Review. Rituals are much more visible in women. Ph.D. students have been more motivated than masters for ritualism. In the explanatory section; the findings showed Ritualism in social research is great because: existing methodologies hide ambiguities, there is little capacity in the face of ambiguity, emphasis on education rather than learning and the results of the research are not valuable to the political, social and economic fields.

Individualism is considered as one of the main social and cultural issues in Iran which should be analyzed accurately. As Iranian university students are the main bulk of young highly educated people, they can be considered the best group to be analyzed on the consequences of modernism in Iran. Therefore, the present paper by applying a Quantitive research method, through standard questionnaire analyzed Individualism among university students in University of Kashan and Medical University of Kashan. Cultural and social capital, reference group, traditionalism, religious tendencies, social relations, egotism and media are the independent variables of the present paper which are discussed by Durkheim, Bourdieu, Lerner, Coleman and other social scientists. The questionnaire was given to 320 students of both universities, and the results were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. The findings show egotism, religious tendencies, social relations and social cooperation had direct influence while social trust, traditionalism had indirect influence on Individualism.

The desire and secure progress and the future of each community is an internal consensus and an agreement based on shared belief, based on the ubiquitous justice, legitimacy and the culture of citizenship. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the social consensus among the Lak and Lor peoples among the men of Khorramabad city. The survey method was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 20-50 year old men in Khorramabad city, which was selected by the Cochran formula of 383 individuals (Lak and Lor). The research sample was estimated using a multi-stage cluster sampling method proportional to the volume. The reliability level of social cohesion variance was estimated by 0.9 through Cronbach's alpha and analyzed using SPSS software. Research findings indicate that there was a significant relationship between social consensus and age, ethnicity, marital status, citizenship culture, legalization and relative deprivation. The results of multivariate analysis show that variables of citizenship culture, legalization, relative privacy, and ethnicity were able to explain 0.37% of the variables of social cohesion.

Over the centuries, religious symbols and rituals have dictated the specific order to the structure of traditional cities, the reason by which, many cities in the past were able to respond to psychological needs of the residents. The rituals that are performed during the years, affect the structure of the city without which analyzing the form and structure of the city is not possible. This research aims to study the effect of rituals on the structure of traditional cities and Shushtar is chosen as the case study. This research investigates the role of rituals in particular the ceremony of Moharam in enhancing the disturbances resulted from modification of historical structure of the city and its spatial order. This research shows that the rituals break the modern structure of the city into the integrated stage area. “Takiya”s, shrines, “Hoseinia”s and mosques as religious and ceremonial places are focal points within the city structure. During ceremonies, the city abandons its daily routine and transforms in to an integrated stage for a great Theater. This Theater, performed by the citizens, reveals the connectivity between residents and city more than ever. Furthermore the focal religious points play a critical role in the ritual ceremonies. Therefore the morphology of the city needs to adjust to the ceremony to become connected and homogeneous. In that adjustment, modern urban elements, that fragmented the city structure, applied as an effective element during the ceremonies.