نشریه اقتصاد و تجارت نوین
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 42، بهار 1398)

Competitiveness is a key measure for assessing the degree to which countries are successful in creating employment, improving the business environment and creating entrepreneurial activities. Competitiveness in this study has been measured based on Global Economic Forum database and Entrepreneurial activities using the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) over the period 2016-2012. Emperical results, using panel data with fixed effects, showed that the competitiveness pillars, including technological readiness, higher education, infrastructure, institutions and innovation, negatively and merely market size positively affected the entrepreneurial process in resource-based countries. In efficiency-driven countries, only market size has not had a significant effect. Among other factors, labor market performance and infrastructure have negatively affected the entrepreneurial process in these countries, and the impact of other pillars has been positive. Finally, the efficiency of the labor market, financial market development, institutions, market size, technological readiness, higher education and innovation have affected the process of entrepreneurship in innovation-oriented countries. In general, the results of model estimation indicate that the impact of competitiveness factors on the level of entrepreneurial activity in different countries varies according to the stage of development of countries. In general, the results of model estimation indicate that the impact of competitiveness factors on the level of entrepreneurial activity in different countries varies according to the stage of development of countries.

The main objective of this research is to investigate the asymmetric effects of labor force gender inequality shocks on Iran's economic growth. In this regard, the nonlinear ARDL method has been used for the period 1345 to 1395. The results of the estimation showed that a positive or negative shock in gender inequality would have asymmetric effects on economic growh. The results also showed that the short-term effects of gender inequality shock are different from its long-term effects. The results showed that, the positive shock of the female employment share, in the long run, had a negative and significant effect; and the negative shock of women's employment share had a positive effect on economic growth; but in the short run, the results showed that the positive shock of women's employment has a significant positive effect on economic growth. In contrast to the negative shock, the share of women's employment with a lag period has a negative effect on economic growth, suggesting that reducing the share of men's employment and moving towards gender equality in employment will result economic growth in short-term.The results showed that, the positive shock of the female employment share, in the long run, had a negative and significant effect; and the negative shock of women's employment share had a positive effect on economic growth; but in the short run, the results showed that the positive shock of women's employment has a significant positive effect on economic growth. In contrast to the negative shock, the share of women's employment with a lag period has a negative effect on economic growth, suggesting that reducing the share of men's employment and moving towards gender equality in employment will result economic growth in short-term.

In economic literature, entrepreneurship has been strongly emphasized as one of the key determinants of economic growth and development. Given that almost women make up half of the population of each country, supporting of entrepreneurial activities of this group can play an effective role in Economic growth and development. Thus, one of the paths of women's participation for proceeding of goals of economic development is through entrepreneurship. Although, women's entrepreneurship has significantly different with men's entrepreneurship. women's entrepreneurship are less willing to start or continue entrepreneurial activities because of fear of failure. The low quality of the institutional environment, the increasing fear of failure, and the possibility of uncertainty for achieving expected returns are the result of increased economic risk. Therefore, increasing of economic risk by increasing the possibility of uncertainty for achieving expected returns and increasing fear of failure will reduce women's entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of economic risk on world women's total early-stage entrepreneurship activity in selected countries of the world during 2008-2015 using the Generalized Method of Moments(GMM) method. The results of this study indicate that improving economic risk has a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship. Also, variables of financial development, human capital index, direct foreign investment have a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship.

Affecting economy of countries due to outside oil, monetary and fiscal shocks was considered as origin of emerging the issue of economic vulnerability and resilience in the economic literature. Economic resilience and vulnerability can be considered as an environment for activities of economic factors and a determinant of economic growth. Here, the raised question is that whether the degree of different vulnerability and resilience can explain difference in per capita income in oil producer countries that are always exposed in oil shocks. According to this issue, the present research has studied the effects of economic resiliency and vulnerability of 18 oil producer countries on their per capita income using the GMM method for the time period of 2005-2014. The research results showed that per capita income difference can be related with economic degree of vulnerability of countries, even among oil producing countries that are exposed on oil shocks. As expected, resilience has a positive effect on per capita income of countries. This means that countries with higher resilience have experienced a higher per capita income. Coefficients of economic vulnerability index have been negative and significant, which is consistent with theoretical bases completely and shows that countries with lower vulnerability have higher per capita income.

The impact of Information and Communication Technology on Entrepreneurship Information and communication technology (ICT) has been able to offer significant flexibility on entrepreneurship with various features and capabilities. Increasing speed and accuracy, reducing the physical volume of information storage systems, transparency in processes, the possibility of remote work and reducing costs are examples of these features. In this regard, the main purpose of paper is to examine the impact of information and communication technology on entrepreneurship in middle-income countries and high-income countries. This articl is an applied research, causal and inferential research by methodology. The results of the models estimation are presented by fix effect method. Information and communication technology has a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurship in the selected countries.The effect of Information and communication technology indicators on entrepreneurship in high-income countries is higher than the middle-income countries.This shows the strength of the IT infrastructure in the high-income countries. Hence, increasing investment in Information and communication technology and creating the necessary platforms for expanding Information and communication technology use in the business process, creating and developing private banks for entrepreneurship development, and the creation and expansion of entrepreneurship centers.

R&D financial stimuli include tax incentives, subsidies and other incentives applied by the government to support R&D activities. Economic performance can be affected by other countries. In this study, tax incentives are considered as indirect support and subsidies as direct support. The goal is identifying the most appropriate spatial model and comparing these stimuli with the spatial dynamic panel model approach for the period (2005-2016) and for the selection of the OECD, Southeast Asia and Central Asia countries.In order to consider the spatial approach, the geographic and economic proximity (bilateral trade and bilateral technology relationship) has been used. According to the results of the Moroccan test, spatial correlation was confirmed for selected European countries Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and South-East Asia by bilateral trade and bilateral relations and for the Central Asian countries in bilateral technology. With approval of model (SDM), financial stimuli have total impacts (direct and indirect effects). For OECD and South-East countries, positive and significant effects of tax incentives and subsidies have been confirmed. The indirect supports have negative domestic but positive international impacts on Asian southest countries. In Central Asian countries where Iran is also a member of these countries, direct support has positive, but negative external impacts. Also positive impacts of tax incentives for these countries were not approved.