نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 40 (بهار 1399)

In order to evaluate the effect of temperature changes at carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth, development and yield of peanuts (cultivar North Carolina 2), SSM-Peanut model was used. The SSM-peanut model was used to run different scenarios including combination of -1, -2, -3, -4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 oC changes in temperature and CO2 concentration of 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 ppm. This study was performed using data from field experiments conducted in Astaneh Ashrafieh. Simulation were applied using actual meteorological data of the period 2007-2015 from Kiashahr Synoptic Station (37o23' N, 49o53' E) for future conditions and under all scenarios. The results showed that the temperature reduction compared to the current conditions, increased the day to the phonological stages in peanuts. So that, days to maturity increased from 135 to 166 days. However, fluctuation in temperature from 1 to 5oC decreased days to maturity from 135 to 116 days. Reducing the temperature compared to the current conditions reduced the yield of peanuts. So, in the present situation, the yield of seeds and pods decreased by 40%, with a decrease of 4°C. But increase in CO2 concentration will compensate this decrease, So that by reducing the temperature of 4 °C at the concentration of 550 ppm CO2 resulted in a 37% decrease in peanut yields. Increasing temperature of 2 °C resulted to increase grain yield and peanut pod by 8%.

Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) is one of the most important medicinal plant that grow in semi-arid and desert condition which have been used in traditional medicine. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress and manure application rates on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Bitter apple, a field experiment was conducted in split plot layout based on complete randomized block design with three replications in two growing seasons (2012-2014) at Sabzevar, Iran. Drought stress were three levels of evaporation from evaporation pan (50, 75 and 100 mm) which was given as main plots and four levels of cow manure (0, 20, 40 and 60 t.ha-1) which was assigned as subplots. The results showed that increasing irrigation intervals reduced the number of fruits per square meter(49%), the dry weight of the single fruit(14%) and consequently reduced yield of fruits(38%) and seeds(40%). Number of seeds per fruit and 100 seed weight was not affected by drought stress. Increased amounts of manure application caused significant increase in yield and yield components (except 100 seed weight) of Bitter apple. The lowest fruit and seed yield and yield components were observed in control treatment and the highest of them were observed as a result of application of 60 t.ha-1 cow manure. Overall, the result of this experiment showed that the highest fruit and seed yield was obtained from application of 60 t.ha-1 cow manure and irrigation after 50 mm evaporation from evaporation pan produced the highest fruit yield.

Today, the use of salicylic acid as one of plant growth regulator substances is a common way to increase plant resistance to stresses such as drought. This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effects of different concentration and different application number of salicylic acid on some morphological and physiological characteristics of fig in rain-fed conditions of Estahban region. Investigation was performed as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (CRBD) with three replications. The studied factors included salicylic acid in four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and different number of foliar sparying in three levels (one, two and three times in three week intervals). The first foliar application of salicylic acid was carried out three weeks after caprification of trees. The parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ion leakage, average leaf area, shoot growth, relative water content (RWC) and yield were measured. The results showed that the use of salicylic acid increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content, proline and yield, but, decreased ion leakage of the fig cv. "Sabz". Application of this compound did not significantly affect on shoot growth and leaf area. The effect of application number of salicylic acid on chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and ion leakage was significant, but, had no significant effect on other traits. Generally, results indicated that application of salicylic acid significantly improved physiological characteristics and drought tolerance of fig in rain-fed conditions.

In order to study the effect of drought stress, different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the growth of corn this research were done at the agricultural research center of biokola (Neka) during two years 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications on S.C704. The main factor was 4 levels of drought stress (irrigation after 75, 100, 125 and 150 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and the sub-factor three levels of nitrogen (80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1) and three levels of potassium (75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) were considered.The mean comparison results showed that with increasing nitrogen and potassium consumption, the harvest index decreased by 30.52%. Also, the lowest nitrogen removal index under the interaction of irrigation × nitrogen irrigation intervals with irrigation intervals of 150 mm evaporation from class an evaporation 240 kg N/ha decreased by 30.91%.The highest relative leaf water content and leaf chlorophyll content were obtained for irrigation intervals of 75 mm with kg.N.ha-1, 94.12% and 61.59%, respectively.Also, the highest grain and nitrogen yield were obtained for the second year in 75 mm irrigation interval and 240 kg.N.ha-1 with average 12807 kg/ha and 2.72%, respectively. So after increasing in drought stress, nitrogen and potassium, the traits as harvest index and nitrogen removal index decreased.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and abscisic acid (ABA) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, physiological and morphological characteristics of the tomato under drought stress conditions. Experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications during two years. Experimental factors included radiation of ultraviolet radiation on three levels (control (non-radiation), UV-AB and UV-C), application of abscisic acid on two levels (non-application and application of abscisic acid with dose of 10 mg/L), and drought stress on two levels of without drought stress (complete irrigation during all growth period) and drought stress in vegetative stage (from 20 days after transplantation to flowering). The results showed that UV-AB radiation increased leaf relative water content and shoot dry weight while UV-C radiation reduced leaf relative water content and shoot dry weight compared to control (without ultraviolet radiation). By applying drought stress increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as soluble carbohydrate concentrations, while the relative water content of leaves and shoot dry weight decreased significantly. The amount of peroxidase enzyme activity, relative water content, soluble carbohydrates and shoot dry weight increased due to the application of abscisic acid. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that drought and ultraviolet stresses had harmful effects on the tomato plants, and the interaction of these two above-mentioned environmental tensions was synergistic to induce protective mechanisms and defense systems.

Reducing herbicide use without compromising performance can lead to lower environmental damage and lower production costs. In this research, the effects of plant density and reduced sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron-methyl on weed infection and wheat yield, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agronomy Research Farm, Islamic Azad University during 2012-13, it was evaluated. The main plot consist of various doses of sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron-methyl 5% in three levels of 20, 30 and 40 g a.i. ha-1with weed free and weedy check (control) plots were included for comparison and subplot including different wheat density at four levels of 300, 400, 500 and 600 plant m-2. Results experiments revealed that a fairly acceptable level of weed suppression in wheat fields was achieved with lower doses of sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron-methyl (30 g a.i. ha-1) in combination with density of 500 plant m-2 that were comparable to results with its label dose. Increased density was able to increased grain yield and number spike m-2. As, the number of spikes (650) and yield (486.3 g. m-2) were obtained at a density of 600 plant. m-2. 1000-grain weight decreased with increasing density. The results suggested that weeds can be controlled in wheat, for a higher yield, when a reduced herbicide dose (30 g a.i. ha-1) is used in combination with increasing density (500 plant m-2).

In order to investigate path analysis of grain yield and yield components, an experiment was carried out with 20 genotypes of wheat in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two places in North Khorasan Province, dry land Research Station of Shirvan and Sisab, Iran. In 2015-2016. During the growth stages and after harvesting, traits like plant height, number of days to heading, numbers of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, number of days to maturity, seed weight and seed yield were recorded. according to the analysis of variance, between genotypes in terms of number of days to heading, days to maturity, numbers of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike and grain yield, differences were significant. According to the comparison of the averages, genotypes 17 and 12 with 2522 and 2364 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield respectively and genotype 20 with 1190 kg.ha-1grain yield was the lowest. Based on the path analysis results, the number of spike per square meter (69.8%), the number of grains per spike (64.9 %) and grain weight (38.9 %) had the highest direct effect on grain yield. The correlation coefficients showed that seed weight and number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter had a significant negative correlation and the number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter were significant positive correlation with yield.

In order to study the competition ability and production potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) intercropping under nitrogen fertilizer in barley flowering stage a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as a factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was 8 planting patterns includes barley sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping, fenugreek-barley intercropping ratios includes 2:1, 2:2, 3:1, 1:3, as replacement series, 100% barley+20% fenugreek as additive series and mixed intercropping. The second factor was two nitrogen fertilizer application includes control (no nitrogen fertilizer) and 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. The results of showed the highest total dry matter at barley flowering stage (1345.1 gr/m2) was obtained at 3:1 barley-fenugreek intercropping and the lowest one (482.6 gr/m2) was recorded at fenugreek sole cropping without nitrogen fertilizer. Also the results revealed that all intercropping treatments had the highest dry matter than sole cropping that it showed the intercropping had superiority than sole cropping. The highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER=1.5) was obtained at 3:1 barley-fenugreek intercropping. So that it is concluded that at barley flowering stage the best treatment was 3:1barley-fenugreek intercropping with 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to investigate tillage system and fertilization management in improving the quantitative and qualitative traits of corn, a split-plot experiment was laid out in the base of RCBD with four replications in Darrehshahr (Ilam province) during 2016 – 2017. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of tillage [zero-tillage (direct sowing), conservative tillage (using compound and furrower), conventional tillage (Moldboard plow + double discs + pellets furrower)] and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) in three levels [included not use of chemical fertilizer (NPK)0, 50% recommended NPK (NPK)50, 100% recommended NPK (NPK)100]. The results of mean comparisons showed that the highest nitrogen yield per grain (30.15 kg.kg-1) was obtained in conservative tillage which is more than the no-tillage system with the use of (NPK) 100. The highest grain yield (8401 kg.ha-1) was obtained in conservative tillage treatment with use of (NPK)100 while least grain yield (5239 kg ha-1) was obtained in no-tillage with use of (NPK)0. It can be concluded that conservative tillage improves the absorption of elements which has increased the nutrient use efficiency. Conservative tillage against no-tillage system had a positive effect on yield, yield components, and nutrient efficiency while in some traits, this increase was more than a conventional system.

In order to evaluation of producibility and drought tolerance of three varieties of forage mille and one variety of sorghum, the experiment was conducted a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation frequencies consisted of irrigation after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan as main plots and sub plots was consisted of sorghum varietiy (Sorghum bicolor var. Speedfeed) and three varieties of millet (Setaria italica var. Bastan, Panicum miliaceum var. Pishahang and Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed). Irrigation after 120 mm evaporation resulted in a mild drought stress. However, the delay in irrigation reduced values of studied growth and physiological characteristics forage yield and reserves in shoot appeared to be important in this situation. Drought stress reduced forage quality by reducing the leaf area and leafy index. Sorghum variety compared to millet varieties had higher drought tolerance due to higher dry matter production as well as the highest value of tolerance indices MP, GMP, STI and HAM. Of the three varieties of millet, Pishahang proved superiority. At control irrigation frequency, highest forage yield (6251 Kg/ha) produced by Speedfeed, and the highest forage yield (9376 Kg/ha) obtained from Pishahang among millet cultivars. Higher forage quality achieved by Nutrifeed millet due to highest of leaf dry weight, leafier index (45%) and crude protein percent (20.7), which can be considered in agronomic decisions.

Drought stress and iron (Fe) deficiency are abiotic stress factors limiting crop production and its quality, especially in rainfed areas. With the aim of evaluation of genotypic variation for Fe efficiecny, 121 barley genotypes during the growing season of 2015-2016, a research farm was carried out at the agricultural research institute of the dryland (Maragheh) were studied under rainfed field conditions. . The experiment was conducted in square lattice. Based on ANOVA, there was significant differences among genotypes for seed Fe concentartion and content traits. The high range of variation for these traits showed that there is a great genotypic variation among barley genotypes. The existance of high general heritability (h2) for seed Fe concentration and content could be helpful in breeding for these traits under different environments. Seed Fe concentration had significant and positive correlation (r=0.63**) with seed Fe content. In short, the result of this study revealed the great genotypic variation among barley genotypes for Fe absorption and accumulation in seed. Moreover, the efficient genotypes could alleviate drought stress that will result in higher grain yield with Fe-dense grains under cold dryland conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid, glycine betaine and gamma_ aminobutyric acid foliar spray on anti-oxidant activity of enzymes and non-enzymatic agents of Carla (Momordica charantia L.) under water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm University of Zanjan during 2017. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation (50, 75 and 100% field capacity) as the main plots and two levels of salicylic acid (2 and 4 mM), glycine betaine (50 and 100 mM), and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) (10 and 20 mM) plus control were used as sub plots. Based on the results, increasing of water deficit stress, significantly increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase and antioxidant activity of leaf, as well as total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of fruit, but the amount of vitamin C decreased. The interaction of irrigation regimes with experimental treatments caused a significant increase in measured traits. The highest level of leaf and fruit antioxidant activity was obtained using 4 mM salicylic acid and 100 mM glycine, respectively, in 75% field capacity. Considering that in this study, plants treated with salicylic acid, glycine betaine and GABA in different irrigation regimes had higher enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity than control plants, therefore it seems that application of these materials can be effective in producing Carla under water deficit stress resistance.

To evaluate the impact of nano fertilizers on leaf chlorophyll content, grain protein and yield of three durum wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in research farm of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, during 2015 growing season. Treatments were Three types of nano fertilizers including nano- composites bio organic (300 kg/ha), uremic (in three stages, 50 kg/ha in each stage) and biomik (dissolved in water, 2 kg/ha) and chemical fertilizer treatment including nitrogen (200 kg/ha) with phosphorus (200 kg/ha) and potassium (100 kg/ha) and three durum wheat cultivars including Behrang, Shabrang and Yavaros. Uremic fertilizer treatment had the highest seed nitrogen (2.9%), grain protein (18.5%) and grain yield (kg ha 7958.5). Also, among the cultivars, Yavaros had the highest grain nitrogen (2.5%), grain protein (16.2%) and grain yield (7160.2 kg/ha). Likewise, interaction effect of fertilizer and cultivar showed that uremic in Yavaros with 27% had the highest protein content. The chlorophyll content had the increasing trend up to dough development stage and the maximum amount was obtained in uremic (61.6 SPAD unit). The highest crop growth rate was also observed in uremic at dough development stage. Overall, results showed that application of uremic especially in Yavaros cultivar caused 19.5% increase in grain yield compared to chemical fertilizers.

soybean is one of the most important oily plants in the world. More than 50 percent of the world's oilseed production is concentrated on soybean. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and apply a simple model of soybean growth and yield in eastern Mazandaran provinc. Different aspects of plant growth in the model are as follows including phonological development, leaf area changes, and the production and distribution of dry matter. Grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were simulated using different scenarios. The results showed that the regression coefficients of the observed grain yield and harvest index versus simulated values based on 95% confidence intervals were not significantly different with the coefficients of line 1: 1 (a = 0 and b = 1). The values of R2 for grain yield and harvest index were 0.96 and 0.80 respectively. Despite R2 of linear regressed line between observed yield biological versus predicted values was 0.96 but bias frome the 1:1 line was high. Therefore, it can be said that the model has the ability to predict grain yield and harvest index in the environmental conditions of Mazandaran, but it can not be suitable for soybean biological yield in Mazandaran.

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress and nutrient elements of nitrogen and potassium on yield traits of blue panic grass, an experiment was conducted in split-factorial by arrangement of three replications with a randomized complete block design in Research Field, Islamic Azad University of Birjand. Studied factors were consisted of three levels of irrigation based on cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan (70, 140 and 210 mm), nitrogen in three levels (zero, 50% N (100 kg per ha) and 100% N recommended by soil test (200 kg per ha) and potassium in two levels (zero and 100 kg per ha). The results showed that leaf, stem and panicle weight in the second harvest and in the whole three harvests, so that the highest leaf, stem and panicle weight was observed at different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers but in irrigation level of 70 mm. In addition, triple interaction of irrigation regime, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer was significant in total dry matter yield, and use of these nutrient elements was effective in increasing tolerance to stress and improved dry matter production of Blue panic grass. In general, it seems that application of nitrogen and potassium elements in deficit irrigation conditions can be effective in reducing the harmful effects of stress and increasing of blue panic grass resistance to water stress.

The development and preservation of ecological balance will be achieved when used from the land in accordance with its capabilities. Accordingly, identifying the capabilities of the land before loading various activities is very important. Otherwise, many of the investments will be wasted. As a result, assessing the land use potential for planting different crops is the first strategic priority for increasing production and optimizing resource consumption. In order to study the role of physiographic factors in the ecological capability of Golestan province for the planting of peas, geographic information system and weighted linear combination method were used. Agricultural needs and geological variables including soil texture, elevation, slope and aspect are determined from the available scientific resources, grading and required maps were prepared. For data standardization, fuzzy logic was used and we used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to weigh the criteria. Finally, using the weighted linear combination (WLC) method in the TerrSet software environment, a potential mapping plan for peas was prepared. The results of the weighting of the criteria with the AHP method showed that the slope with the maximum of 0.2790 and the elevation had the lowest coefficients of 0.1038. Also, the results showed that a large part of the agricultural lands located in the province center (70.51%) has suitable conditions for the planting of peas and 6.08% of the total area of land is less suitable and 7.2% is half suitable, which includes lands Located in the mountainous and highlands of the province.

In order to evaluate the effect of different amounts of nitrogen and organic fertilizer (Azotobacter) on kernel yield and nitrogen use efficiency in corn, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the field of Sanandaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran in 2014. The factor “a” included four nitrogen rates (i.e. control, 50, 100 and 150% of plant requirement) and the factor “b” included bio-fertilizer at two levels (non-inoculation, inoculating with Azotobacter). The results showed that the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer was highly significant on biomass, kernel yield, number of kernels per row, 100 kernels weight, plant height and Leaf vegetation index and significant on the number of row per ear. Application of 150% nitrogen had the highest effect on studied traits. The effect of factor b was highly significant on biomass, kernel yield, 100 kernels weight, poor tip fill length and Leaf vegetation index and significant on number of kernels per row and plant height. The means of these traits were higher when Azotobacter fertilizer treatment was not applied. The nitrogen fertilizer × Azotobacter interaction was not significant for any of the studied traits. Nitrogen use efficiency increased with increasing N fertilizer, but there was very little difference between consumption of 150 and 225 kg N/ha.

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth of Cucurbita pepo L. using nonlinear regression models. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm of Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran during the 2013 growing season. The planting dates were April 20th, June 20th and July 20th. In order to study the growth analysis, leaf area and dry weight changes were measured. Eight models were used to describe the dry weight variations (Logistic, Gompertz, Richards, Weibull, Linear Expression, Symmetric Linear and Beta 1 and 2 models), and three models (logistic, Gompertz and beta) were used to describe the trend of leaf area changes. The results showed that all models well described the changes in dry weight and leaf area (day after planting) and can be used in growth analysis studies. In this research, a beta-1 model was used in all three planting dates to estimate leaf area and dry matter index. Among the planting dates, the highest leaf area index and dry matter were produced in April 20th and June 20th with 1.78 and 1379 g / m2, respectively. The best time to plant of C. pepo L. in the Varamin is June.

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth promotiong rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and yield components of seed tubers of cultivation mini-tubers Potato, a Factorial experiment was caried out by based on complete randomized design at agriculurtal and natural resources research staition of Ardabil in 2016. The First factor included mini-tubers of three cultivars of potato: Agria, Khavaran, and Marfona:,The second factor included four treatments of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Azospirillum, Seudomonas and combination of two bacteria). Results showed that interaction of experimental factors was significant for all traits except biological yield and tuber diameter. Maximum of tuber yiled was observed in interaction effect of application of tow bacteria × cultivars. That did not have significant difference with cultivars of Agria and Khavaran. Maximum of number and weight of tuber were observed at Marfona×two bacteria. Maximum of tuber diameter was observed at Marfona. Maximum of plant height and number of main branch were observed at Agria, Khavaran and Azospirillum× Seudomonas bacteria. Maximium of biological yield was observed at combination of two bacteria. Minimum of this trait was observed in treatment without insemination. Maximum numbers of days to emergencation, number of days to stolon, formation, number of days to tuberization were obtined in Marfona and condition of application Azospirillum. Minimum of those traits were observed in Khavaran and condition whithout insemination.

In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) on some physiological traits of Black cumin under Water Deficit Stress, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research farm of Shahrekord University in 2015- 16. Factors were irrigation in three levels (100, 75 and 50 % of water requirement) and bacteria in seven levels (control, Bacillus sp. Strain A, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. Strain B, Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas putida and Azopirillum lipoferum). Results showed a significant effect of water deficit, PGPRs and their interaction on all traits. It was demonstrated that in 50% of water requirement treatment reduced total chlorophyll, RWC and grain yield by 28%, 14.4% and 28.4%, respectively. Within each three irrigation levels, the bacterial treatments had the maximum amount of measured traits than control treatment. So that all PGPRs under 50% water requirement treatment could increase chlorophyll b, RWC and grain yield as compared to control. Also, B. amilolykofosins and strainB application under 75% water requirement treatment had the highest grain yield. Overall, this increase was more significant in B .amilolycophysin, Bacillus strain A, strainB and Azopirillum lipoferum treatments. according to the this study results, inoculation of Black cumin seeds with PGPRs is recommended to increase physiological traits and crops yield and alleviation of adverse effects of water stress.

Optimal usage of tea gardens during surface cutting period is one of the basic needs of gardeners in Guilan province.One of the solutions is the cultivation of legumes among rows of surface cutting tea bushes. In order to investigate the effect of application of different potassium sulfate levels and row Spacing on yield and yield components of bean in tea garden, a field study was conducted at Amlash in 2016 growing season. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with split plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots included 4 levels row spacing (20 × 20 , 20 × 30, 20×40 and 20×50 cm) and subplots included 3 levels of potassium sulfate [ 0 (control), 75 and 150 kg/ha]. The highest pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100- seed weight, seeds per plant, grains yield, biological yield, harvest index, straw yield, pod yield, plant height and number branch per plant were obtained with 75 kg potassium sulfate. Plant spaces had significant effects on pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed per plant, grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, pod yield and number of branch per plan and 20 × 30 cm plant spacing had the highest pods per plant, 100- seed weight, seeds per plant and number of branch per plant. The highest grain, biological, straw and pod yield was achieved at 20 × 20 and 20 × 30 spaces cm.