نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 20 (پاییز 1398)

The history and ancestry of clans and tribes is one of the most important historical and social issues of Iran. There is a deep disagreement about the ancestry and historical past of Gharagozlous, a tribe that inhabited in Hamadan in the past. There is not enough information to the question when and how and from which tribe of Torks they were branched. Among the studies about their origin and ancestry there are huge disagreements. This research in an analytical and explanatory way and by criticizing different viewpoints about Gharagozlou,s origin, tries to find a reasonable answer to the question and fill the gap about their chronicle. The results of the research show that Gharagozlou,s were a little branch of Bighdeli tribe and this tribe as Oghoz Torks entered Iran platean in Salgughid,s period.

Entrance of renewal to Iran was the beginning of opinion making about the identity of the state and its effect on retardedness of Iran. Iran’s defeat by Russia during two wars caused that this thought to become deepened. Emergence of reformists and inteleectuals was a response to this issue, though they had different approaches to the identity of the modern state in The West and deficits ofstate in Iran depeding on how these people became familiar with and connected with Western Renewal. The current study is based on analytical-descriptive method focusing on Michel Foko’s soverignity theory discusses approach of Majd Al-Molk to modern state identity relying upon analysis of treatise of Discovery of Unusal.this work is among the first critical works of Qajar Era. Achievement of this research indicates that though Majd Al-Molk criticizes traditional state identity in Iran based on criticism of soverignity in the framework of state, criticism of king and decadence of ideal king pattern, actors’ incompetencies, inefficiencies of state institutes but his approach has deprivation aspect and does not present an ideal pattern against state soverinity. On the other hand, his approach to modern state identity is superficial is mainly in the framework of legal state, seperating legislative institution from adminstrative institution and attempt to focus on the concept of nation against people and little referral to democracy.

The purpose of this article is the conceptualization of the consequences of the commercialization phenomenon in western Iran. The main issue of the paper is the explanation of the effect of agriculture commercialization, which is being examined that, why and how this phenomenon occurs. The research approach is qualitative. Data was collected from the archives of library documents and resources, based on targeted sampling. The method of analysis is grounded theory. The findings show that the evolutionary process of commercialization of agriculture in western Iran during the middle Qajar period to the end of the Pahlavi, led to the collapse of the Islamic system, the collapse of the rural landlord and the development of urbanization. Similarly, the two-polarization of agriculture, the development of the poles of capitalist agriculture, along with the expertise of land-use knowledge and the rise in the value of individual labor and the mechanization of agriculture, were among the other consequences of commercialization of agriculture in western Iran. The dependence of Iran's economic system, the global climate of global domination, and the need for international markets, have led to the production of commercial products, along with a huge disparity in the cultivation of commercial products (such as opium and beet), compared with the cultivation of wheat and barley, were among the major factors in changing the pattern of cultivation and development and the development of commercial agriculture in western Iran.

The first Iranian social democratic groups and organizations stepped into the political arena during the late thirteenth century (according to Georgian calendar)One of the important factors in the formation and establishment of these organizations was the growth of socialist tendencies and the spread of socialist ideologies mong Iranians, caused by the emigration to Russia and CaucasusIn this regard, the Democratic Party of Iran, as one of the members ,of parties influenced by the views of Russian Social-Democracts and those of Karl Katsky began to formulate its memorandum and started its political activity officially from the second round of assembly of national board of representatives. Therefore, the necessity of examining the political dynamics of this party is of great significance, so the present research is trying to answer certain questions related to this era, by relying on valid resources and documents with a descriptive - analytic method. Questions sch as: How much the Democratic Party could have succeeded in the process of democratization of Iranian society? Or, what factors contributed to the incompetence of the party in achieving its goals and plans in society? The results of this study shows that internal and external causes, such as the lack of compliance of the Democratic Party memorandum and plans with the many economic and social conditions And political and cultural affairs of Iran as internal causes and interference of countries such as Russia and Britain as foreign causes that prevented the party from achieving its fundamental goals. Even with the conspicuity of these dynamics in politial history, so far, no research has been done on the political trends of the Democratic Party of Iran.

Inscriptions in Islamic architecture selected in accordance to their necessity and function. Social changes were also a key factor in the content selection of inscriptions in the Islamic era. The 9th century A.H/ 15th Century A.D is a time span of important social transformations in Iran. Empowerment of Turcaman Qara-Qoyunlus in the 15th Century A.D led to the fortification of Shiite tendencies in the Iranian society, leading to the believes becoming the official governmental sect of Islam in the time of Safavids. Although many researchers believe, the Qara Qoyunlus’ were of Shiite sect, but the type of approaching religion and practice of the Qara Quyunlus’ has led to skeptic discussion on this topic among researchers.
Although there were these tendencies to Shiism, the Qara Qoyunlus had a Sunni capital (Tabriz); and this city and the Azerbaijan region in general were the gathering place of Sufi sects and the center of Horofieh. The discovery and decoding of two friezes by the authors; answers the doubts about the sect of Qara Quyunlus, and scrutinizes their Shiite tendencies on the base of newly found and previous documents. The research proves they did not have deep Shiite tendencies and believed in tolerance as their main attitude towards religion. This seems to be due to the religious and social changes in the region starting from the Anatolian region, and the deep strong activities of Sufism in Azerbaijan. Also referring to one of these Inscriptions we should state that Jahanshah had aimed to build a Grand (Jama') Mosque and a collection similar to those of Samarqand (Rigestan) and Bukhara, which were later imitated by the Agh Quyunlus in the Sahib Abad square. In the article, the data collected with archival along with filed data collection methods and the presentation of the data is a descriptive- analytical one.

World War II led Iran to engage in global events unwittingly and occupied by the three powers; but with the end of the war and the non-evacuation of the Soviet forces from Iran, the Cold War first sparkles were struck between the two ideological poles, the Soviet Union and the United States. While the USSR sought to obtain Iranian north petroleum, by pressure, stood in front of the United States with the policy of preserving Iran on the front of the Western countries, against the Soviet Union. Though in many researches United States ultimatum has been referred, as the main source, to the Soviet Union for evacuation of Iran, but the study shows that such ultimatum has no historical validity; Therefore, the question is that the US with using what tools and tactics, were able to carry out its goal of expelling the Soviet Union from Iran and maintain Iran on the liberalism front. To answer this question, using a historical method based on description and analysis, tried to answer by examining US State Department documents. The findings show that US by using two types of international instruments, such as the Security Council and the alliance with the UK, and domestic instruments such as cooperation with the Shah and the National Parliament, tried to restrict USSR in Containment policy.