نشریه پژوهش های حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی
پیاپی 13 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Establishment of International Criminal Court (ICC) can undoubtedly be considered as the most significant achievement of the international community in its movement toward criminal justice. Such a mandate, however, cannot be achieved without support and cooperation with other international players. The present study will review the cooperation and support the ICC can receive from a regional arrangement such as the European Union. For this purpose, we will review issues such as the basis of obligations of the EU to support ICC, the major policies and the concrete actions adopted by the EU. The European Union as one important regional arrangement has defined its macro-policy toward ICC with a view to achieve two main goals, namely universality of the Rome Statute and effective functioning of the ICC. To realize those goals, EU has adopted certain measures including adoption of a common policy as basis of EU-ICC support; conclusion of a cooperation agreement as the basis for EU-ICC cooperation and several action plans to implement such documents. After a decade of support and cooperation, the EU policies and measures have provided a proper framework for such cooperation and support.

In this method of resolving disputes the parties, regardless of the limits of the book of law and the formal procedure with the help of a third party are seeking a unison. Following the legalization of penal mediation in Iran, the clarification of its specifics in the substantive law and determining its scope and extensionin responding to the various types of crimes (discretionary punishments – Ta`zir*, retaliation- Qisas**, and atonement) is of great importance. It should be seen whether Iranian lawmakers have been able to make the most of this process by clarifying the effectiveness scope of mediation. Answering the above question is a step towards identifying existing shortcomings and lights to reform the relevant laws. The results of this analytical-descriptive research show that the result of mediation is more favorable than formal criminal justice towards four crimes mentioned above. However, the Iranian legislator has accepted mediation only for discretionary punishment crimes which is in a limited extend. This is while generalizing this process is clearly to atonements and retaliation and extending its scope to a part of Haddcrimes is correct.

The policy to determine and harmonize punishment type with the crime based on the authority of the judge is rooted in this view that the law maker cannot decide on the basis of his/her preconceptions. Thus, to harmonize the punishment type with the crime, the situation, and the character of the defendant lies within the authority of the judge. Therefore, the judges are allowed not only to issue verdicts, including maximal and minimal punishment, but they can also transgress the legal limits with reference to mitigating qualities. Nevertheless, the determination of punishment in the special criminal law, outside the Islamic criminal law including the act 71 with respect to the camping against trafficking goods and currency with the ban on mitigation and suspension takes a different route. The direction of criminal law making policy is based on this belief that by intimidating the potential wrongdoers and increasing the loss stemmed from the crime compared to the profit, two purposes can be achieved: a) curbing the trafficking of goods and currency, b) provision of budget by issuing monetary penalty. However, the criminal, judicial law policy based on personalization of responses which resorts to impunity and suspension of sentences takes a different direction within the domain of campaign against trafficking goods and currency.

The crimes against humanity are dangerous and inhuman. These crimes are committed as a widespread or systematic invasion against civilians. As for the horrible consequences of such crimes, every society should inevitably get aware of the past events and the conditions in which they occurred to prevent their reoccurrence in the future. In the other words, if we try to stop such destructive measures against human beings, we should recognize their causal factors and the roots thereof. Therefor, in this article deals with the international factors resulting in such crimes.Among international factors speaking, the roles of the international organizations and foreign governments are important in the emergence of these crimes.
Key words :Crimes against humanity , foreign governments, world bank, international financial institution , united nations.

Today, more than ever, we are witnessing the sexual victimization of children and teenagers. regardless of the growing trend of these crimes, one of the reasons for this is the advancement and ease of access to communications media, which partially minimizes the always dark and hidden part of this type of victimization and reduces its black figure. When the crimes are being processed through journalistic literature and emotional stories, in addition to creating fear and panic in society, there are accompanying publicly-spoken thoughts with expectations. Let's say At this time, the people's demand is to respond quickly and promptly as soon as possible. Therefore, the criminal justice system recognizes the voice of the people and inevitably obeys the justice system and publicizes the justice system in order to restore society's order and calm and gain legitimacy and public acceptance. The unavoidable results and consequences of making such a decision are not clear to everyone and require a critical and specialized view. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, it is possible to create the apparently positive consequences of this approach, the creation of tranquility, as well as the temporary emotions of the people, and the assurance of the implementation of justice, and its negative consequences, the lack of a fair trial And fair, which would look at the scientific and pathologic response to the increase in this type of crime and eventually reduce its occurrence.

the history of penal systems, the philosophy of punishment has been like a stream. While, in some era the retribution and revenge has been the prevail approach in criminal policy, in other times deterrence and rehabilitation overcome. In recent years, the criminal professors has emphasized to some punishments that without violence and pressures of prison and in a calm atmosphere rehabilitate the offenders.
One of the industrial area that can be connect to philosophy of punishment is insurance industry. restorative insurance is an insurance that looks for rehabilitation and compensation in light of restorative justice principles. So, it can be said that restorative insurance is a purposeful connection between insurance industry, criminal law, criminal policy and victimology. These fields while are separate from each other and all of them have special goals, but they are common in relation with basic values like soul, property, honor and liberty. Otherwise, it seems that negligence to this connection causes to violate human dignity in different ways. Restorative insurance according to legal and industrial structures of insurance and regulation of it in light of co-operation principle is related to participative criminal policy to enhance the responsibility of society.

Protecting the victim’s rights does not have much less importance than the accused’s rights. But, the support of his government depends on the criminalization and particularly identification of the perpetrators and victim of every crime, at the level of the member states of the European Union. However, the victim's territorial state is subject to the principle of mutual recognition of the obligation to comply with the criminal law or judicial decisions of the foreign state’s courts to deal with the crime in their territorial jurisdiction and to protect the victim. But, this situation is in contradiction with the principle of intraregional sovereignty and the opposition of the criminal laws of states. On the one hand, the realization of the idea of the formation of the European Union in the area of freedom, security and justice requires a unified criminal law in the territory of the European Union which has not yet been possible. On the other hand, the difference in the criminal law of the territorial state of the perpetrator with the laws of the government of the victim has caused them to be confronted with each other, in so far as the implementation of the laws of each one in the territory of another Member State of the European Union faces challenges. European Union by creating The Principle of Mutual Recognition have met the challenges posed by this confrontation. Hence, the subject of this paper is to examine the experience, barriers and solutions proposed by European Union Criminal Law.

Expansion of criminality particularly because of globalization requires international criminal cooperation more than ever. This is a matter of paramount importance amongst the countries which their borders have been removed due to economic political integration, or even amongst the proximate countries in a geographical region where a particular transnational crime is being always committed. This is because that with expanding criminality beyond national borders, it would not be any more possible for the countries to deal with it by their own. Thus, it is only by reinforcement of cooperation and institution of new mechanism that such criminality could be effectively controlled. This article is to examine European Union criminal law through the integration of the member states countries. This criminal law as a regional criminal law has led to provision of some mechanisms and institutions that one of most important of them is the principle of mutual recognition of decision in criminal matters; This principle has realized for the first time by provision of European Arrest Warrant. Consequently, considering the expansion of criminality beyond national borders, reinforcement of international criminal cooperation is a necessary strategy that should be come into force by some new mechanisms.