Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 2, 2019

Female orgasm is a subjective phenomenon that has been wrongly introduced to people and therapists in the halo of exaggeration and perfectionism made by sexual films. This study was conducted to explore the Iranian women's experience of achievement of or failure to achieve orgasm and its consequences in sexual relationship < span dir="RTL">.
This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis method. Individual in-depth interviews with 20 married women were continued until data saturation. Sampling was performed using purposive sampling in the environment of two public clinics in Tehran. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method. Trustworthiness of data was achieved through Lincoln and Guba criteria.
The results of data analysis were categorized into 3 categories, 8 subcategories, and 46 codes. The main categories include feeling of success to achieve orgasm, feeling of failure to achieve orgasm, and husband companionship. Successful orgasm in Iranian women led to the feeling of successfulness with pleasant emotions such as relief, excitement, or love and positive outcomes such as relaxation, intimacy, freshness, and vitality. Women's descriptions of orgasm were mainly psychological and emotional. Failure to achieve orgasm led to the feeling of failure with physical and psychological symptoms such as pain, nervousness, aggressiveness, and negative consequences such as being jealous of husband’s orgasm and regret for getting married.
To prevent and treat orgasm disorders in women, it should be noted that successful female orgasm can mainly be accompanied with pleasant emotional states and physical changes may beunclear or intangible, while failure to achieve orgasm in women can lead to vague physical or psychological symptoms. Couples training for sexual talk with spouse, as well as more interaction and companionship between wife and husband have effective roles in achieving female orgasm.

Genu varum is one of the most common deformities in adolescents, and it has always been considered to achieve an appropriate corrective program to reduce genu varum. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two kinds of common and the National Academy sports Medicine (NASM) corrective exercises on the correction of genu varum deformity in adolescent soccer players.
This is a qualitative-quantitative study with quasi experimental approach. In this study, data were collected using interviews and laboratory tests. A total of 42 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years with genu varum were selected using purposive sampling and randomly divided into 3 groups (14 in each group), including the group of corrective exercises of the NASM, the common Exercise group, and control group. Data were analyzed using the framework analysis method.
After data analysis, 2 main categories including attitudinal factors (pain and disability, nutrition, genetic, body mass index, and self-esteem) and motivational factors (daily activity, physical activity, apparent fitness, occupational continuity and social status, and muscle imbalance) were extracted. It was revealed that two methods of common corrective exercises and NASM corrective exercises were effective in correcting genu varum deformity, while the NASM corrective exercises was more effective in the correction of this deformity.
According to the results of the interview and laboratory tests confirming the effectiveness of these exercises on people with genu varum deformity, therapists, Correctional Physicians, and trainers are recommended to use the NASM protocol in order to correct genu varum deformity.

The term “a learning disabled university student” has been hardly ever used in Iran. It may be supposed that Iranian students with learning disabilities do not enter universities. This study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by Iranian students with learning disabilities to enter universities.
Due to the lack of a center to identify and have access to high school students with learning disabilities, qualitative research method was used in this study. The research population included high school students or graduates whose learning disabilities were diagnosed at primary school. The sample size consisted of 8 teenagers with learning disabilities along with their mothers who were selected through purposive sampling method. In addition, 3 learning disabilities experts were included using purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis.
It was revealed that individual factors, school environmental inhibiting factors, and environmental inhibiting factors related to learning disabilities centers, all play a restrictive role for these students in entering universities. Nevertheless, school inhibiting environmental factors can be the main challenge for the Iranian students to enter universities.
Apart from identifying inhibiting factors, this study offers suggestions to address these environmental barriers, among which equipping schools with therapeutic programs for students with learning disabilities is of great importance.

Nowadays, based on casual evidence, marital infidelity is one of the threatening factors to marital life which can result in divorce. The present study aimed to identify the effective conditions leading to infidelity among married men in Ahvaz city.
This qualitative study was conducted using grounded theory method as an exploratory research method. In this study, 15 married men were included using purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. Data were collected using semi-structured interview.
After data analysis, the effective conditions leading to marital infidelity among married men were classified into the three main categories including causal conditions (low levels of marital commitment, emotional dissatisfaction, sexual dissatisfaction, sexual sensation seeking, effort to earn respect, and sexual boredom), contextual conditions (having premarital sex, peoples interference, living apart from spouse, having infidelity background in spouses relatives, having an unsuccessful marriage, and lack of religious beliefs) and intervening conditions (existence of unfaithful peers, business trip, alcohol consumption, type of job, good financial status, drug addiction, as well as addiction to communication and technology, and positive attitude towards infidelity).
Marital infidelity is not dependent merely on personal and interpersonal factors, but a set of factors are involved in this phenomenon.

A qualitative research is based on a series of fundamental principles and basic concepts. The two main concepts in designing and theory development are theoretical sensitivity and reflexivity that have not been sufficiently addressed in Persian sources. Thus, this study was conducted to clarify and explain these concepts.
In this review study, the libraries and electronic documents across various sites and databases including Science Direct, PubMed, Ovid, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar were searched for keywords of reflexivity, reflexive, sensitivity, sensitive, and theoretical sensitivity. Inclusion criteria included all open access texts contained the before-mentioned keywords in the title, written in English language and published in 2010 and later. After excluding irrelevant, duplicate, and non-accessible texts, 16 articles and 11 books were obtained.
The results showed that literature investigated issues such as definitions of these concepts, theoretical sensitivity sources and ways to improve it, the importance of reflexivity, its scope and improvement methods, reflexivity and morality, and the report of reflexivity.
The theoretical sensitivity refers to the researcher characteristics such as insight and skills to make data meaningful, perception and analysis of relevant elements from irrelevant elements that must be followed as a matter of principle in all steps of the research. Paying attention to reflexivity increases the quality of the research processes and results, and also increases researcher's sensitivity to the participants.

Nowadays, challenges of parent-adolescent relationship is one of the main problems of families. According to the lack and gap of qualitative study of parent-adolescent problems in the existing research in the country, this study aimed to identify and analyze challenges of parent-adolescent relationship.
This qualitative study was performed using content analysis. Data were collected using purposive sampling and individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 parents and adolescents who referred to counselling and psychology centers. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. After transcribing recorded interviews and data analysis, initial codes were extracted. To determine the main classes, initial cods were revised, surveyed, and classified in several steps.
After data analysis, 574 initial codes were obtained. These codes were categorized into 13 sub-themes and 5 themes including the generation gap, insufficiency in relationship quality, educational strategies dysfunction, modern and traditional perspectives conflict, and intrapersonal and interpersonal problems as the main challenges of parent-adolescent relationship.
According to the results, parents and adolescents face complex challenges in the relationship with each other. Attention to these challenges can help families to create better relationships with adolescents.

Infidelity has a devastating effect on marriage and individuals, and is a multifaceted problem that makes couples to enter couple therapy. Understanding, assessment, and treatment of extramarital affairs has significantly changed in the last decade. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the role of mediators on couples strategies to keep marriage following infidelity disclosure.
The is a qualitative study based on the grounded theory. The research population included 21 couples living in Tehran who experienced infidelity and still live together from the time of infidelity disclosure (at least 1 year and at most 6 years). Subjects were selected using purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using theoretical coding and constant comparative analysis using categorization.
Stop the curiosity about the details of extramarital relationship, elimination of the third person from the life of person who was unfaithful, seeking professional help, effective social support, overcoming the sexuality role, and time were identified as the mediators affecting couples strategies to keep marriage after disclosure of infidelity.
According to the results, the mediators obtained in this study are effective in facilitating the couple therapy, improving the marital relationship, and helping couples keep marriage after disclosure of infidelity.

One of the main features of adolescence is the tendency to experience new experiences and to test various and sometimes high-risk behaviors, which have bad consequences for adolescents, families, and society, and some actions are needed to prevent these sequences. In this regard, identification of the causes of teenagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors is necessary. In the present study, the causes of teenagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors were investigated, by gender, from the teenagers' perspectives.

In this qualitative study, data were collected using a semi-structured interview with 40 teenagers (20 female and 20 male) living in district 5 of Tehran, who were selected using purposive sampling. Then, the collected data were analyzed and the causes of teenagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors were identified by gender.

According to the findings, the main causes of tendencies to high-risk behaviors among teenagers were categorized into two groups: individual factors (pleasure, curiosity, identity acquisition, false self-esteem, and exponential hero in male adolescents and the need to have someone to talk to, the need for love and affection, lack of self-confidence in female adolescents) and environmental factors (communication with peers, social networks, easy and inexpensive access to all kinds of drugs in male adolescents and having strict father or brother, Ignorance of family and school, and labeling in female adolescents).

Since a series of individual and environmental factors lead to the tendency to high-risk behaviors among adolescents, it is necessary to reduce teenagers' tendencies toward high-risk behaviors and social harm caused by these behaviors through conducting educational interventions and informing teenagers and parents.

Concerning the professional duties of medical social workers, they can have effective role in the treatment process and solving the problems of clients. This study was performed to investigate the current roles and tasks of social workers in hospitals.
In this qualitative study, 15 social workers of public and specialized hospitals in Tehran were selected using purposeful sampling. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interview and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
To determine the main concepts, after combining some of the codes, they were finally classified into 13 categories and 2 themes (indirect and direct care roles). The indirect care roles were categorized into 4 categories including research in healthcare, cooperation with and membership in the treatment team and hospital committees, documentation, and the provision of financial resources. The direct care roles were categorized into 9 categories, namely, psychosocial and financial support, educator, liaison, service provider, counselor, discharge planning and follow-ups after discharge, assessment and eligibility, crisis intervention, and client and system advocacy.
Most of the roles derived from the analysis of interviews were specialized roles of medical social workers. But the tasks related to the roles showed that most of the tasks defined for the roles are either not professional or clear.

Family is one of the causative factors of initiation and relapse of addictive behaviors. Family is like a double-edged sword due to the fact that family may function both as a supporter of drug users as well as a shield to protect them against their withdrawal hardships, and also a cause of drug addiction relapse. Lack of sufficient knowledge and domestic studies on this issue, make it necessary to deal with this issue through investigation. So, this study aimed to identify effective context and familial conditions on addiction treatment non-retention.
This study is a part of a larger study on the role of the family in addiction treatment retention. It was conducted by Grounded theory in Tehran in 2016. Sampling was performed using purposive sampling from clients of medium-term residential centers and continued until data saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 12 drug users and 12 members of their families. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin coding methods.
The main theme of this study was family conflict. Family conflict includes subthemes such as enmeshment, triangulation, stressful behavior, communication avoidance and diminishing communication, non-operating threats, which were intensified by emotional imbalance (interference conditions). Based on the participants’ experiences, causality conditions affecting drug addiction relapse include false belief and external locus of control in a context of users and family’s unawareness.
Users and family’s insight and perception of the nature of addiction result in negative emotions, and accordingly, lead to dysfunctional interactions that provide context for drug addiction relapse.

Providing an effective education by healthcare workers is very important in improving the quality of health services and patients' lives. Effective education faces a variety of challenges, which results in the low productivity of experienced health care providers. The aim of this study was to explain the experiences of health care providers about barriers of client education in Ghaemshahr health centers.
This qualitative research was conducted by content analysis method in Ghaemshahr healthcare centers. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews through focus group discussion and individual interviews with 20 healthcare staff that were selected by purposive and theoretical sampling. Data were analyzed and interpreted using conventional content analysis with Lundman and Graneheim technique.
After data analysis, 4 main themes and 15 subthemes were extracted. The main themes include structural challenges, inappropriate working conditions, lack of integrated professional knowledge, and inefficient teaching methods.
Structural barriers are the main obstacle for providing an effective education by healthcare workers. Also, there is not a context for proper training, and despite many efforts, staff are incapable of providing an effective education. Educational policies need to be changed and client education whould be provided with higher quality and more effectively by employing expert forces and putting aside big challenges.

  Health literacy is the capacity of individual to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and health services that are necessary for making a good decision. Health literacy is effective in improving the treatment process and reducing healthcare costs. Health literacy is directly connected to humanity. With regard to human complexities and creativity, quantitative evaluation methods are replaced by qualitative methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the health literacy of patients with breast cancer.
This qualitative study was conducted using qualitative content analysis. In this study, 18 women with breast cancer were selected using purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and continued until data saturation. Data analysis was performed using Nvivo software.
As a result of data analysis, five main themes including channeles, reasons for use, the impact on the life, effective factors on the use, the ability to use and understand health information, and 16 sub-themes were identified.
The interviewees know their doctors as the most reliable health information channel. The main reason for using health information is increasing patients' awareness of disease and treatment process. Health literacy is useful in reducing patients' fear and anxiety

Bullying is a complicated behavioral problem that is mostly occurs at schools. There are many quantitative studies on this issue but few qualitative studies have investigated this problem. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate teachers' lived experiences of student's bullying behavior.
This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. In this study, 20 high school teachers were selected using Purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Smith method.
After data analysis, 5 main themes and 23 sub-themes were extracted. It was revealed that in the definition of bullying, examples, features, and causes, there is a consistency between the teachers' lived experiences and background, but in feedbacks, different results were obtained. Teachers, based on their personal preferences, use different methods such as punishment, individual negotiation, referral to the manager's office, ignoring the undesirable behaviors and strengthening their conflicting behaviors, finding the causes, showing affection and creating friendship, inviting parents, referral to psychologists to take advice, and taking the rules of the school, scoring, and discipline seriously.
The results of this study will pave the way for further research on the interventions related to bullying.

Transformation of society from a simple and elementary state to a complicated and complex one, makes necessary the day-to-day need of the specialists of mental health realm, especially counselors. The aim of this study was to investigate the personality dimensions of counselors' Competency from the perspective of successful counselors.
This qualitative study was conducted using phenomenological approach. Among counselors of Shamim counseling centers of Sepah in 2016, 20 counselors were selected using purposive sampling, and then, interviewed. All the interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed line by line, and finally, were analyzed through content analysis.
After data analysis, 14 main themes (responsibility, divergent thinking, disciplined, realism, flexibility, courage, openness to criticism, adventure, hard worker, creativity, cautiousness, Authenticity, hopefulness, and high adjustment) and 46 sub-themes in the field of personality dimensions of counselors' competencies were identified and classified.
The results of this study can help counselors to evaluate their competency and self-efficacy, and can be useful in developing counseling training programs and appointing competent counselors by decision-makers and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Thoughts control, attention, and concentration are the effective factors in studying and learning. The lack of attention and concentration is the result of the invasion of intrusive thoughts. This research was conducted to explore the factors affecting the unwanted intrusive thoughts in normal people in 2017.
This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis (thematic analysis). Research or databases include all print media, articles, books, and dissertations related to the subject of the research. Sampling was performed using purposive sampling. All information-rich resources that were related to the subject of the study were included and unrelated sources were excluded. Finally, data were collected by a deep study of 120 papers, 10 books, and 4 dissertations.
The findings included 285 coding concepts, 75 subthemes, and 8 main themes. The main themes in terms of the frequency were thought control strategies, metacognitive beliefs, mood characteristics, intrusive thought characteristics, mindfulness, personality traits, context and culture, and working memory capacity, respectively..
The most effective factors on intrusive thoughts, in terms of the frequency, were thought control strategies, metacognitive beliefs, mood characteristics, intrusive thought characteristics, mindfulness, personality traits, context and culture, and working memory capacity, respectively. The results of this also provided a model to determine the effect of main factors affecting unwanted intrusive thoughts.

Students with externalized behavior disorders have lower levels of capacity for self-determination skills. The aim of this study was to explain self-determination experiences in students with externalized behavior disorders.

This qualitative study was conducted using phenomenological approach. Data were collected using in-depth interview with 10 students with externalized behavior disorders who were selected through purposive sampling method. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi’s nine-step analysis method.

Four themes of social challenges, lack of motivation for effort, emotional challenges, and choice making were obtained that could illustrate self-determination experiences in students with externalized behavior disorders.

These findings can provide information required for identifying self-determination problems, as well as significance and adoption of supportive and medical strategies for improving psychological health in students with externalized behavior disorders.