نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال هشتم شماره 11 (پیاپی 44، بهمن 1398)

Attachment is one of the psychological constructs which is affected by early caregiver-child relationships — different kind of attachment styles -based on the relationship between child and caregiver- effect on other psychological characteristics. Mindfulness as an attention to the present moment and awarding from inter/intrapersonal states is one of those characteristics. The present study aimed to predict mindfulness according to attachment styles: two hundred and sixty-eight students (231 male, 36 female) selected from the University of Tehran and the medical university of Tehran using convenience sampling method. The participants completed Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI) and Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS). The results indicate that secure attachment had positive correlation significantly with mindfulness and insecure attachment (ambivalence and avoidance) had negative correlation significantly with mindfulness. Linear regression analysis showed that secure attachment and ambivalence attachment could predict mindfulness significantly, while avoidance attachment couldn’t predict. The findings indicate that secure and ambivalent attachment styles can predict mindfulness.

Owning the high capacity of self-control is an actively adaptive quality that enables people to live in a healthier and happier way. Self-control leads to positive outcomes like a healthier lifestyle, better financial situations, and better interpersonal relationships. In contrast, not having enough power of self-control can lead to adverse outcomes like having damaging behaviors. Hence, the present article has been done to determine the impact of the attachment styles on self-control, both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of self-compassion. Through available sampling, 245 psychologically healthy people, including 134 females and 111 males participated in the research. They answered the following questionnaires: self-compassion (SCS), attachment styles (RAAS) and self-control (SCS). Structural equation modeling was applied using AMOS software to analyze the data. The results showed that the secure attachment style predicts self-compassion positively and significantly, and anxious and avoidance attachment style negatively and significantly predict self-compassion. The results also showed a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion and self-control. The results also indicate that self-compassion mediates the relationship between secure attachment style and self-control positively and mediates the relationship between anxious and avoidant attachment styles negatively. Therefore, regarding the outcomes, attachment styles and childhood happenings can have an impact on individuals' self-compassion and self-control noticeably. And having a secure attachment style can help people regulate their emotions and behaviors in adulthood.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rumination and difficulty of emotion regulation with self-harm behaviors in students. The present research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the research consisted of all high school male and female students in Tehran during the academic year of 1397-98 that were 224400 people. The sample size was determined 380 people by Krejcie & Morgan table and selected by multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected by the Self-Harm Inventory Sansone, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Gratz & Roemer and the Ruminative Response Scale Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow. Data were analyzed by the pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the dimensions of the difficulty of emotional regulation, such as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors, Impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness and limited access to emotional regulation strategies with self-harm behaviors. There is also a significant positive relationship between rumination and self-harm behaviors. Regression prediction of self-harm behaviors based on rumination and difficulty of emotional regulation was significant. Among the difficulty dimensions of emotion regulation, the lack of acceptance of emotional responses, the difficulty in controlling impulse and limited access to emotional regulation strategies, positively and significantly predict self-harming behaviors. Also, rumination positively and significant predict self-harm behaviors.

Gastrointestinal (Digestive) disorders, as one of the most frequent physical complaints in the human population, are a well-known example of the association of anxiety with physical health. It is estimated that about 7 to 12 percent of all referrals to physicians are due to digestive disorders and symptoms. The main objective of this study was to identify the relationship between anxiety and repression regarding the mediating role of integrative self-knowledge. To achieve this goal, 125 patients with gastrointestinal disorders responded to Integrative self-knowledge (ISK), scaled form of disorder’s symptoms self-evaluation (Symptom Checklist) and Weinberger adjustment inventory questionnaires. The results of regression analysis and correlation of data showed that integrative self-knowledge has a mediating role in the relationship between repression and anxiety in patients with gastrointestinal (digestive) disorders.  These findings, as well as confirming the mutual relationship between mind and body and the importance of psychological processes in patients with physical illnesses, expanded the theoretical model of self-regulation processes and was developed based on its theoretical basis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spiritual intelligence training on the self-concept of highschool female students. According to the nature and objectives of the study, this study was carried out using a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female students in district 1 in Karaj (2325 people (. Using convenience sampling method, 40 students were selected as sample and placed in experimental and control group. To collection data, the king's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire and Dolatabadi's Self-concept Questionnaire were used. For data analysis, covariance analysis test was applied. The results showed that spiritual intelligence training has a significant effect on physical, educational, rational and temperament dimensions of students' self-concept and has not a significant effect on ethical and social dimensions. As a result, it can be said that spiritual intelligence has an impact on students' self-concept, and paying attention to spiritual intelligence in the curriculum will help students to formulate and improve positive self-concept.

Anxiety has always been a phenomenon of great importance among psychoanalysts. Freud, as the founder of psychoanalysis, took much notice of this phenomenon from the beginning of his career, and he was always trying to give a comprehensive explanation for this problem. Therefore, throughout his career, he modified his theories about anxiety frequently, and even one time, he changed his whole theory from its basis. Amid these modifications, one of his disciples, Otto Rank, had a significant influence on him. In 1924, Otto Rank published a book named “the Trauma of Birth,” which had a new theory about anxiety. Even though Freud first expressed a positive opinion about this book, but later on he doubted on his first take of the book, and finally he disagreed with Rank’s whole theory of anxiety and criticized it from the base. But on the other hand, This led Freud to recognize the flaws and defects of his theory and for the last time, try to modify it, and thus he reached his ultimate views on this topic. In this article, first, we review Freud’s first theory of anxiety, and then we discuss Rank’s book “The Trauma of Birth” and its theory about anxiety. Finally, we analyze Freud’s criticisms of this theory and present the ultimate form of his anxiety theory.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mindfulness-based stress reduction program on academic procrastination and academic motivation of female students. The research method was pretest-posttest with the control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female students of the third grade of secondary school in Mashhad during the first half of the first academic year of 2018-19. Among them, 30 were selected by random sampling method, and according to the initial assessments, they were randomly selected In two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). The experimental group received mindfulness-based stress reduction program in 8 sessions of 45 minutes (weekly two sessions); the control group was placed on the waiting list for two months. Solomon and Solomon Rothblum (1984) and (1970) questionnaires were used to collect data. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance analysis was used. The results of data analysis showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the post-test of the experimental group in the academic procrastination variables and  the components of progressive motivation including assertiveness, perseverance, futures, and hardiness There is (P <0.001). In terms of intervention, it can be concluded that the mindfulness-based stress reduction program  has a significant effect on reducing  academic procrastination and improving progressive motivation of female students.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prediction of academic self-efficacy based on self-regulated learning strategies, metacognition strategies and goal-progress orientation in students of Islamic Azad University branch Ahvaz. This research is correlational. For this purpose, the community of students, 400 people (180 boys and 180 girls) was selected based on stratified random sampling. The tool for collecting data in this research is through autonomous learning strategies questionnaire Pentrej and De Grote (1990), metacognition of O’neill and Abedi (1997), the scale of the goal-progress orientation Megli et al. (2000) and Owen and Franman's academic self-efficacy questionnaire (1988). Pearson correlation and regression analysis Multiple was used, and the results showed between the components of the self-regulated learning strategies (Repeat and review, note writing, abstracts, organizing, Comprehension of material), metacognitive strategies (planning, effort and perseverance) and the components of the goal-progress orientation (goals of mastery, performance-approach objectives and performance-avoidance goals) There is a meaningful relationship with academic self-efficacy. Also, analyze data from the regression method showed that among the predictor variables in the order of objectives of mastery, performance-approach objectives, and performance-avoidance objectives the proper predictors for the variable of academic self-efficacy criterion in students.

This study aimed to compare the behavioral-emotional disorders and functional-emotional developmental Profile in orphans and children with caregiver. The statistical population consists of all orphans and children with caregiver in city of Mashhad. The sample included 38 orphans and 41 children with caregiver aged 4-6 years. In this study, the cluster sampling method was used for children with caregivers and convenience sampling method for the orphans. For collecting data, Rutter's Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (RCBQ) and Greenspan's Functional-Emotional Developmental Questionnaire (FEDQ) were used. The results of multivariate variance showed a significant difference between the two groups in the second and fifth levels of functional-emotional development (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in behavioral-emotional disorders. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a negative significant correlation between behavioral problems and functional-emotional profile in orphaned children. According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that the orphans are different from children with caregivers in terms of functional-emotional development, and this may have a role in their behavioral problems. The findings of this study can contribute to provide an appropriate environment in the centers for orphaned children to improve their functional-emotional abilities.

The purpose of this study is predicting early maladaptive schemas based on childhood affective maltreatment and parenting styles. This investigation is descriptive and was done in the framework of correlational design. Purposeful population includes all people aged 18-50 years old. The sample of this study is 266 persons who were chosen in access (not random). Participants completed The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire and the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ) voluntarily. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and step by step multiple regression analysis was used for analyzing data. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Based on Pearson correlation, schemas of defectiveness/shame (0.54), social isolation/alienation (0.52) and emotional deprivation (0.53) which placed in disconnection and rejection area, have the most correlation and relation with childhood affective maltreatment. According to the findings acquired by step by step multiple regression analysis, childhood affective maltreatment (emotional abuse) and Parenting styles (arbitrary) have the most power in predicting schemas of disconnection and rejection area that respectively predict 26/8 and 3/8 percent of this area and these two variables together predict 30/6 percent of schemas of disconnection and rejection area (P<0.05). Affective maltreatments in childhood and maladaptive parenting styles play an important role in determining adults’ personality because affective maltreatment in childhood and parenting styles especially arbitrary interact together in the formation of early maladaptive schemas especially schemas of rejection area and can increase or decrease harmful effects of each other.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family structure, social support, suicidal tendency and life satisfaction among addicted men. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes all addicted men referring to addiction treatment clinics, both private and public in Rasht from June to September 2015. 150 addicted men were selected by simple random sampling. In order to collect data from the Epstein, Baldwin & Pishap (1983), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Questionnaire of Time and Partners (1998), Anton vared Suicidal Thoughts (1991), Diener et al.'s Life Satisfaction (1987). Completed. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used for data analysis in SPSS18. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between family structure and life satisfaction, and there is a negative and significant relationship between suicidal tendency and life satisfaction. There is a meaningful and positive relationship between social support and life satisfaction. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the family structure of 72% and suicidal tendency also predict 74% of changes in life satisfaction. The results showed that there is a relationship between family structure, social support, suicidal tendency and life satisfaction among addicted men.

Trait theory is one of the major theories in personality psychology, which is described with summarizing, predicting and explaining behavior, and is developed by the efforts of two groups of psychologists: The first group, with a clinical approach, has been theorized about the traits, and the second group considered the experimental method as the basis for achieving the traits. The purpose of this descriptive-analytic study conducted after studying various related books and articles is to introduce and compare these approaches, with emphasize on the views of the three great psychologists, Allport, Eysenck and Cattell, and the big five-factor model of personality traits, as a theory that has been developed over the past two decades and has been researched and supported by researchers more than other theories. Despite the clinical and research implications of this theory, there are some limitations and criticisms about it. Therefore, the use of this approach in explaining the development of personality in addition to positive points requires consideration of the limitations and criticisms imposed on it.

The aim of this study is the comparison of psychological disorders among the children of divorce and their typical peers through a comparative research method. The statistical society was all the children of divorce and their typical peers across the city of Semnan. The sample community consisted of 118 children with divorced parents and 223 children living with their parents (typical peers). All participants completed the questionnaires designed due to the Achenbach Child Behavior Problems Checklist for the children of 4 to 16 years old. Data analysis performed by Multivariable Analyze of Variance. The findings show that the children of divorce significantly suffer more psychological disorders such as anxiety, seclusiveness, social problems, thought problems and attention problems than others. According to the results divorce of parents could be considered as the main risk factor in the development or amplification of psychological and behavioural disorders among children. So, it is vital to pay attention to the children of divorce and can prevent some other difficulties in their future.

Borderline personality disorder is a complicated problem in mental health domain which is characterized by intense negative emotions, identity disorder, impulsive behaviors, and instability in interpersonal relationships. Various therapeutic actions have been used based on the etiology of this disorder. Dialectic behavioral therapy is one of such actions, which has been developed by Marsha Linhan (1993). Dialectic behavioral therapy is a cognitive-behavioral therapy, targets emotional impulsivity and has caused considerable improvements in patients. The present paper is a review study which has considered practical research and studies on the effect of dialectic behavioral therapy on borderline personality disorder. Based on theoretical and research basics, it can be said that dialectic behavioral therapy is a promising intervention for borderline personality disorder. However, to increase efficiency, using this therapeutic approach in bigger populations with borderline personality disorder and other personality disorders with longer follow-up periods is recommended.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of spiritual intelligence and self-esteem with academic self-efficacy among senior high school students in Zahak. This descriptive study followed by a correlational design.  The current study had a population including 700 people in the academic year of 2018- 2019 and the sample size was 250 people selected by applying the Morgan table and using a stratified random sampling method. The sample completed the Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (King, 2008), the Self-Esteem Scale (Cooper Smith, 1967), and the Academic Self-Efficacy Inventory (Jing & Morgan, 1999). The collected data were analyzed using a Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise regression analysis, and  Independent t-test . Results showed that the male students’ mean scores of spiritual intelligence and academic self-efficacy were greater than those of female students. There was a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence with academic self-efficacy (r = 0.28) and self-esteem with academic self-efficacy (r = 0. 19) (p <0.01).  Moreover, results indicated that critical thinking and producing a personal meaning positivly explained 11% of variances in academic self-efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational health of schools and quality of life of elementary teachers by canonical correlation analysis. The statistical population of the study was elementary teachers in North Khorasan province. Three hundred eighty-nine teachers were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and completed the Organizational Health Inventory (Hoy, & Feldman, 1999) and Short Form Health surveys questionnaire -SF-36 (Ware et al., 1994). Data were analyzed by the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Canonical Correlation and SPSS.16 software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational health of schools and quality of life of elementary teachers. The explained variance of organizational health of schools and quality of life of primary teachers was 14%. In general, institutional integrity, significant influence, and morale may be related to the mental and physical health of elementary teachers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of marital instability, catastrophes, and adventure in predicting suicidal thought for abandoned addicts. The present study was a descriptive- correlational study. The statistical population of the present study included all abandoned addicts of Astaneh Ashrafieh city in 2017. Using the available sampling method, 70 addicts were select as samples. Instruments used include Marital Instability Index Booth ‚ Johnson & Edwards (1983), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven (2001), Sensation-Seeking Scale Zuckerman (1971) and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (1961). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous- entry multiple regression. The results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between marital instability, adventure and catastrophes with suicidal thoughts. Also, the results of studying the effect of variables showed that adventure with 16%, catastrophes with 25% and marital instability with 11% were able to predict the suicidal thoughts of abandoned addicts. These results indicate that the marital instability, catastrophes, and adventure play an important role in predicting the suicidal thoughts of abandoned addicts, therefore, according to the findings of this study, it is recommended to develop cognitive- emotional regulation training, emotional control and improvement of interpersonal relationships while leaving addiction in order to reduce suicidal thoughts and commit suicide.

Education with the flipped method is a new approach in the world. In a flipped classroom, the common practice of teaching is flipped, and students are doing their homework in the classroom and teaching was happening at home. Students learn with videos and podcasts in the home that the teacher prepared their before and gave them to students, and do their homework, ask and answer in the classroom. At the school, the teacher says the main topic and the students have to think and research about it, and explain their understanding together, and then the teacher teaches it. Doing homework, repeat, and exercise, asking and answering, and discussion about educational topics are part of classroom activities that replaced with teaching in the classroom, finally, changing the classroom layout leads to increased motivation, dynamism, and deeper learning. In the current that the students' cognitive and virtual literacy and technology have increased, and in the period that variety of books and educational videos were used and welcomed, flipped learning can enter to our education system quickly. The aim of this study is the investigation of the learning process and motivation in the flipped classroom. In this study, the research background in relation to variables and the process of learning and motivation in the flipped class was investigated. Based on the findings, it can be argued that the flipped approach most likely meets students' need for motivation, autonomy and competitiveness, and because the student is required to participate in the search for knowledge, it will lead to sustainable learning.

This study aimed to compare the executive functions of children with conduct disorder and the normal ones in the city of Mashhad. This research is descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical sample included 50 subjects selected through convenience sampling and assigned to two groups of children with conduct disorder (25) and normal (25 persons). The structured interviews for DSM-V disorders (SCID-5-CV) and Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) was used to select the sample group. Data collected using the N-back test and integrated visual and auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA+ PLUS). The data analyzed by analysis of variance, MANOVA. The results showed that there was a significant difference in terms of working memory and visual sustained attention scores between two groups of children (p<0/05). But there was no significant difference in terms of visual-auditorial response inhibition.Thus, children with conduct disorder have a substantial deficit in executive functions compare to normal children.

Mental well-being is one of the essential constructs of mental health and identifying the factors affecting it is of paramount importance. Therefore, This study aimed to determine the role of loneliness as a predictor of mental well-being among students. It was causal-comparative research. The research population consisted of all male and female students studying in Tabriz University of medical sciences (N= 8286) in the 2018-2019 academic year that according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 255 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. For data collection from the Warwick–Edinburgh mental well-being scale (2007), Loneliness scale (1980) were used. Data were analyzed using statistical test discriminant analysis. The results of the discriminant analysis, leading to a significant discriminative function that according to this function, the loneliness variable had the ability in discriminating between groups. Also, Based on this discriminative function, 78/5% of the students were properly assigned in their initial groups. Based on the present results, in educational and research programs to increase the mental well-being among students, loneliness needs special attention.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperament and Character personality traits and worry with social anxiety in adolescents. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this research includes all 9th-grade girls in Tehran. The sample consisted of 302 female students who were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The instruments used in this study were Inventory Character and Temperament, Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire, and Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale. SPSS-22 software was used for data analysis. The findings  demonstrated that  there was a significant correlation between temperament personality traits (novelty seeking, r = -0.51; harm avoidance; r = 0.55; reward dependence; r = -.045 ; persistence,r = -0.59) and Social anxiety (p <0.05). There was a significant relationship between the Character personality traits (self-directiveness, r = -0.43; r, co-operativeness, r = -0.12; self-transcendence, r = -0.13) and social anxiety and worry (r = 0.55) (p <0.05). In summary, it can be concluded that temperament and Character personality traits and worry could play an important role in social anxiety.