نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 40 (پاییز 1398)

Dīv (Monster) is a mythical creature - a legendary storyteller in Iran, Which is rooted in mythological beliefs and cultivated by popular thought and imagination. Dīv (Monster)once was among the gods of India and Persia, but has gone down in Iranian beliefs The dual aspect of dealing with Dīv (Monster) has affected the collective subconscious and he has made Monster's character in dual or multiple myths and beliefs. Therefore, the root of the duality or multiplicity of Monster's personality must be sought in different mythological beliefs, gender and type. This research investigates Monster's personality and action from various aspects in a four-volume series of Iranian stories in a descriptive-analytical way. The findings show that demons appear in various stories and Their character is not always fixed and they have different functions in Iranian stories. These functions, in order of frequency, are: destructive, constructive, passive, and variable. The face of the Monster in Iranian stories reflects the collective beliefs and beliefs of the Iranian mythology. The love of the devil and the beloved is also a prominent feature in these stories that prosperity and affluence will be provided by the power of evil and the failure of evil. Destiny and eventually Monster are also relevant to their faces and actions in the stories studied.

Joseph Campbell influenced by Jung, raised the pattern of "Hero's Journey" in literary criticism. He believes that ancient myths and stories have one structure that the structure is more or less quantifiable in stories.In this structure, he give the three, separation, initiation, return steps for the symbolic hero’s trip that it can be examined in Faramarzname epopee. This article by analytical method and in literary criticism attempts for reviewing and explanation of the symbols of mythical and psychological constructive components of Faramarzname epopee in the context of the analysis of the Hero's Journey.The study, to be paid to the antiquity human mind and taking full advantage of the symbols, examined the Campbell's Hero's Journey pattern example with a slightly different structure.The results indicated that the archetype "Faramarz" is the hero’s pattern which traveled to India voluntarily by hearing the voice of the invitation to achieved themselves that is the ultimate goal.He was encountered in the departure with assist symbolic representatives such as Rostam and Bijan. , Talking wolf, Ebullient snake, thirty thousand rhinos, nooshdar and Kidd Hindi which are his inside Shadows .Then, with the passage of rites of passage and freedom from domination mother achieved to Lordship and finally he could brought ultimate blessing for magic people.

Colonial literature refers to a branch of contemporary literature that emerged during colonial domination or afterwards with the purpose of liberation from the yoke of colonialism in the colonized countries. Of the main themes of this literature, one can mention the confrontation between characters and the themes that set the oriental writer’s ‘self’ as confronting the western ‘other’ and the interaction between them. In the literary fiction in Iran and Egypt, many writers have written on this subject. The present investigation is a comparative study of the two novels, namely the Mysteries of My Land by Reza Barahani, and Palace Walk by Naguib Mahfouz. Both works date back to the occupation of the writers’ lands by western countries. The findings of the study, obtained through content analysis, adopting a comparative approach, suggest that, by expressing and evaluating such fundamental and post-colonial concepts as ‘other’, the core and the periphery, gender, beliefs, freedom-seeking, and the fight against colonialism, the writers have sought to show their “selves” and “other” or the core and the periphery.

Islamic mysticism as the religious representation of the inner knowledge of the material life, the phenomenon of death, and ultimately its worldly life. Existentialism and the school of existence, or the existentialism, also emphasize the realization of existing human possibilities in this world with these two characteristics, which presuppose existence on the primordial nature of the world, and that the subject of thought is considered by human beings, and not mere philosophical subjects. Death is also criticized as an existential possibility.This study examines the concept of death and its manifestations in the two worldviews based on the “Mosibat nameh” and the novel “Nausea”, and has come up with findings that, despite the fundamental differences, Both schools of thought have conceived the material world as a limited passage and lacking an existential value that death, like the beginning of eternal life or existential potential, can help human beings to create a supreme concept for the life of this universal world. From Attar's point of view, death is the beginning of an eternal connection and the joining of the path of Allah to Allah, and from Sartre's point of view, death is a possible existential condition that can be used to enhance the meaning of it by exacerbating the sense of life.

Studying the mystic literature of our historical culture and comparing them with modern psychological theories is an interesting context that has being in the scope of attention for many decades. One of this matters is about similarities between mystic and its steps with humanistic theories of psychologists. For this end, the aim of this study is to consider the Simorgh Story of Attar Neyshabouri with Maslow’s Hierarchical Theory of Needs. Maslow’s hierarchical theory of needs respectively contains physiological needs, safety need, Love and belongingness needs, respect and esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The method of our study was conceptual analysis of the meaning of dialogues according to the aforementioned theory. Therefore, we considered the birds reasoning along with the story with the levels of need along with the Maslow's hierarchical theory and finally their concepts and contexts scrutinized. The results showed that the birds reasoning and opinions along with the Attar's story have accommodated with proposed needs of the Maslow’s theory. However, their context are difference, but their procedure are most resembles together. Also, except than the general materials, they have many common things in their details. So it can be said that the story of Simorgh could better understood if it put under the conceptual frame of Maslow's theory.

Yazdi dialect is one of the most prominent dialects of central Iran, due to its specific climatic and cultural conditions, has undergone less transformation, and there are still signs of its aging and linguistic latency. In this research, a descriptive, analytical, and documentary and educational approach based on comparative-thematic method has been used. So, first, the location and climate conditions, the place and the main features of the phonetic and grammatical structure of the Yazdi language have been considered. Subsequently, the most important vocabulary of the mentioned language is categorized in various subjects such as common terms, tools, names of plants and animals, and then their phonological and semantic changes and their etymology in comparison with the dialect of Ancient Persia and Middle Iranian language. The history of many Yazdi vocabulary, such as: Asar (ssarā): Lister, Issax: Pool, Ossa: Master, Ayarah, Kelahā: Leprosy, Esbol: Spleen, etc. Through the years of Indo-Iranian, and even the Indo-European era, Yazdi speakers still use some of these vocabularies.

A great number of poetic creations originate from hidden and creative common pictures. The poet through novel combination of two elements or by placing an object in a new situation and condition attains artistic creativity, and thereafter obtains a system of signs. In such a relation, the created elements are no more new, as they have found the new existence, and each exists in union with the other. Prior to this poetic creation, these two separated elements have had a natural existence; however, this new and different combination makes them to rely on each other’s existential relation. Hence, there is a psycho – spiritual connection between them, which makes them immortal. In Pierce’s semiotics, such condition comes to the fore by Icons, Indexical and symbolic signs. Considering this in mind, it seems that Eliot and Nīmā have also used these signs in their poetic vocations; hence, this article attempts to make a study of Pierce’s semiotics in the poetry of Eliot and Nīmā Yushij.

Sustainability is a widespread concept that can be considered one of the sources of Persian literature. There are many contemporary poets and writers in this field. Among them, Qaisar Aminpour, Alireza Qazhvah and Mohammad Javad Mohabat are among the poets who have great ideas about sustainability and its components In the present study, while defining the literature of persistence and its components and indicators, and explaining the expected and promised issues and hoping for the future as one of the components and introducing the characters, and extracting and presenting the witnesses, examples of the poems of the above poets have been addressed, and in Concluding the conclusion that the close relationship between the religious, religious beliefs and expectations of these poets in their poems was quite tangible and these components were not affected by the victory of the warriors during the eight years of the sacred defense and even the hope of the future of the poets. 

This study seeks to examine the word love in the seventh to ninth riches, and its main question is to what advice did the authors of this time face when confronted with the word love or encouraged or encouraged by their audiences? In the meantime, the romantic Masnavi have been used by Mohammad Assar Tabrizi, Nizari Ghahestani, and Khajavi Kermani and Masoud Qomi, Amin Ahmad Safi and Salimi Gerouni, and it is clear that the aforementioned poets had a more positive view of the word love. And have encouraged readers to avoid egoism and perfectionism. Keywords: love, education, fortune-telling, seven and eighth century  This essay seeks to examine the doctrinal concept of the word love among the authors of love poems of the sixth to ninth centuries. Although each of these two centuries' enriched poems has incorporated many educational concepts in their poems that are out of the question, As mentioned above, we are going to examine the opinion of the poets in the face of the word love in order to find out what each one of them has recommended to their audience, including editors such as Nizari Qahestani, Mohammad Assar Tabrizi, Khajavi Kermani, Khajeh Massoud Salimi, We call Jeruni and Amin Ahmad Safi