نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 57 (زمستان 1402)

In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of the yearly seasons, with comedy aligning with spring, romance with summer, tragedy with autumn, and satire with winter. Critics consider Forough Farrokhzad's "Another Birth" collection to be the manifestation of her intellectual and poetic evolution cycle, endowed with a profound look and thought about the myth of creation. One of the notable poems in this collection is "The Wind Will Take Us Away". Using Northrop Frye's Archetypal criticism, this study aims to investigate the transformation in the vision and thought that the poem presents in the archetypes expressed with the concepts of the seasons. The findings show that the subject of the poem, passing through the love myth and romance of her life and entering the field of the winter myth, achieves understanding, awareness, and new experiences, making a thoughtful expression of the concept of love. This transformation can be found in the transformation of the concept of love, which passes from a physical, transitory concept associated with destruction and coldness, to a heavenly and eternal sphere that is comforting, warm, and life-giving.

Without a doubt, a large portion of the pleasant nature of Rumi’s work is related to his manner of expression and his method of diction. Rumi-researchers have often spoken of the allure of Rumi’s expression, yet many of the charming secrets of this language still remain unknown; it seems there are no solutions in this field but the meticulous analysis and the detailed study of his way of writing. Therefore, the author of this essay was determined to understand the language of Rumi to the best of her abilities; for this reason, compound sentences were chosen from Masnavi-ye-Ma’navi so that by analyzing them she could gather more information about Rumi’s usage of different sentence types that has resulted in the coherence of his work.Because of the large volume of couplets in Masnavi, we chose about 1372 couplets from the first book and obtained substantial results by examining them. Based on the results, in Rumi’s Masnavi-ye-Ma’navi, compound sentences are used considerably more often than simple sentences, and among these sentences, ones that consist of one independent clause and one dependent clause are higher in frequency. In some of these compound sentences, Rumi removes conjunctions, giving the readers freedom to choose the appropriate conjunctions themselves and find the independent and dependent clauses based on that; or, in some compound-complex sentences, one clause can simultaneously be dependent and independent, meaning that depending on the clauses that come before and after it, its role changes.

Abstract; The evoltion of the concept of love in the thought of the Muslim mysticsIn Edifications of love come to mythological teachings and religions. Philosophers, too, spoke of the theories of love. with interest from the teachings of god - human and their loving experiences, Points ,mystics have an important insight about their love and its mysteries. ,Rais to love ,inclination, agreed, devotion, in mystical behaviorcan lead to love, According to mystics, whether it is with the consciousness whether or not before or after that, despite the prohibition of love and Inexperience and its problems but because of the knowledge, the natural beauty, mysterious of its being manifestation appeared. Plain lawful mystical love with a sort of mystical understanding Was combined. In evolutionary satiety Slowly it shifted its place to an important Unity of existence. In spite of the Sufis that they had known of the the secret of love But in the course of its reign there was clearly no time to express and the peak of the acme of the thoughts Sufis and a new paradigm emerged in sufism . in this context, the narrative of the roots, the evolution of the concept of love and love n relation to the knowledge in islamic mysticism, comparative analysis has been studied. Keywords: hobb ,love , gnosis, mystics ,unity of existence

Shams al-Din bin Mohammad Nizari Qahestani is considered one of poets of the 8th century, the present research has introduced a short introduction of his life and works, then introduces the lyrical poem Azhar and Mezhar and seeks to reach the moral and Quranic points hidden in this. The poem is romantic. By re-examining this poem, he finds poetic evidence based on Quranic and moral concepts, and by extracting verses, he has categorized it, and in the frequency chart of each of the educational moral concepts, he has identified the Quranic concepts in this poem. Like the discredit of the world, away from pride and forgiveness, patience and effort and away from violence, secrecy, etc.Most of his moral-educational teachings have a religious and its aspect are considered part of the ethics of servitude . He has spoken about social ethics, and in this lyrical system, he has been able to include valuable moral points from the Quran in the form of a story and remain eternal in his poetic mission.Key words: Quran, moral teachings, education, wealth, religion

Self-censorship is an action in which the author censors his own work according to the political and social conditions of the society and for the purpose of self-restraint and expediency. Self-censorship is, in fact, a motivation for action, the main cause of which is various degrees of fear. The intense fear and panic that existed among the people in the Mongol era caused writers and poets to adopt this method in creating their works and to self-censor in various ways. In this research, which was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies, an attempt is made to investigate the phenomenon of self-censorship in the important works of Manzoom and Mansoom of the Mughal period, with an emphasis on Naftha al-Masdoor, Tarikh Jahangasha Jovini, Saadi's Kaliyat, and Hafez's Divan. To identify the causes of self-censorship in this period and the methods used by the creators of these works in self-censorship. The result of the research shows that self-censorship is one of the indirect ways of criticizing the situation of the Mughal society. Writers and poets, in most cases, expressed the political and social issues of their era in covertly, and they did this by using artificiality and complexity, obscurity and symbolic literature (using metaphor, allegory, symbol and irony). . Also, the method of randy and changing verses is another method of self-censorship that has only been seen in Hafez Shirazi's court.

Abdur Rahim Shirvani was one of the speakers of the Qajar period. The copy of Diwan includes three works by him (Diwan, Safa-al-Qulob and Hedayat-nameh), which were written in the 12th century, in the handwriting of his son, Mirza Asadullah, during his lifetime, and are kept as a unique copy in the National Library of Tabriz. It can be The present article, with the aim of introducing and examining the stylistic features of Hedayat-nameh, with a documentary-descriptive and statistical method and based on library studies, aims to answer the question, what are the most obvious stylistic features of Hedayat-nameh? The author aims to introduce it and examine its features of calligraphy and style in three linguistic, intellectual and literary levels. The present work is a fictional work, the most important story of which is the story of Prophet Ibrahim and the slaughter of his son, Ismail, which was written under the title Zabih Namah. The findings of the research are based on the fact that the guidance letter was a draft copy that was written in two weights from the sub-collection of Bahr Hazaj. Only 10% of its verses are pure. Some defects of rhyme can be seen in it. Due to the inclusion of religious and mystical content, it can be useful for literary, religious, historical and mystical researches.

Islamic Sufism has a variety of rituals that are intended to bring a person to true happiness.Therefore, ina general view, all these rituals have major spiritual and cognitivebenefits.In Mesbah Al-Hedayeh's book, Izz al-Din Kashani discusses a number of mystical rituals and their beneficial aspects, among which listening, solitude, and cloaking seem to be moreprominent.Accordingly, in thepresent study, citing library sources and descriptive-analytical method, the mentioned Sufi practices are examinedand explored from the perspective of theprinciple of utilitarianism.The reason for choosing the theory of utilitarianism is its capacity to achieve an innovative analysis of Kashani's viewsThe results of the research showthat Kashani, like utilitarians, emphasizes the result of performing an action and does not simply consider the action itself good or bad. Also, the benefits of hearing are: providing part of the spiritual needs of the seekerElimination of the mental and physical condition of the seeker; Polishing of human existence; Creating love in the heart of the seeker; Revealer of divine secrets; Communicating the seeker with the world of divinity; Strengthen the stability and spiritual focus of the seeker.The main benefits of solitude are:enjoying and knowing the divine and spiritual sciences; Preserving the religion of the seeker; Keep the seeker away from internaland external dangers; Restraining the ego and directing it; Seekercommunication with God; Disregard for the world and mafias;Fellowship with God and the Prophet.The benefits of the cloak also include:making desirable changes in the seeker's habits; Achieving a profound internal transformation through the lens of external and external changes

Emotion is a reaction that human beings show to their inner and environmental experiences, and poetry begins with the domination of emotion and feeling over the poet's soul, and this element reflects how the poet reacts to events. Due to the quality of the poet's attitude to the outside world and the events, emotion is the inner and spiritual feeling and background of the poem. Although the emotional stimulus of the artist depends on environmental and external factors, they are more dependent on the inside of the poet and have a direct relationship with the poet's inner feelings. Art is the arena to transfer emotion and it seems that it can be viewed from different dimensions due to the emotional range and importance of poem. Emotion is the most important element of poetry to which other elements should serve. The relationship between emotion and image, language, music, and atmosphere of the poem needs to be considered. The present study investigated the element of emotion in 60 lyric poems of Amir Khosro's lyric poems and showed the advantages and prominence of this element from different dimensions of these lyric poems. The results of this study were obtained based on bibliographic studies and descriptive-analytical method.

The range of comparative literature that analyzes the literary structure between different nations and analyzes the literary interactions of one country with another country and points out similar points of view and their differences. which brings to the field of writing, will give similar reactions to self-renewal. This research deals with the formation and comparative similarity of climate and its structure in the two novels of Ahl Ghareq by Muniro Raufanipour and Merg Aziz Biar by Latifa Tekin, with analytical-descriptive method, and the attitude of rural culture in these two novels has been analyzed and investigated. The research showed that this period has differences in the elements of story, weather and architecture, but the similarity of these two works is also assumed. In both novels, the death of the story takes place in a village whose people live traditionally and far from modern society, and has an extraordinary atmosphere with magic and fairies, and at the end of both novels, the protagonist dies

Literature, Because of its broad nature, has thematic analogy with other humanities subject like psychology and it has ability of performing interdisciplinary research. Shahnameh is one of the most important works of Persian literature which its creator, Ferdowsi, describes its key characters in such a way that one can obtain their Hidden psychological and personality aspects with psychological analysis. This implies poet’s careful look at human psyche and nature. Among these characters one can mention Fereydoon’s sons which Ferdowsi describes their behavior and motivation. By considering this descriptions and signs and comparison of them, one can conclude that Tur and Salm’s Neurosis leads to the death of Iraj. Between characters of Fereydoon tale, Tur and salm are anti-heroes which in this paper their psychological motives of their behavior are supposed to be because of humiliation Obsession. Based on Ferdowsi’s report, neurosis of Tur and Salm is because of: dissatisfaction of their share, being upset by the father, exile from the place of birth and fame of Iraj between guards. In addition, some of the Behavioral characteristics of Tur and Salm which lead to Fratricide are: greed or avarice, anger, hatred, envy and jealousy, arrogance, and fear.

Theoretical mysticism is basically based on thinking. In this epistemological approach, seekers of the journey to God emphasize on exploratory thinking and intuitive insight into the manifestations of existence and divine gifts, but it seems that the view of the unity of existence in the manifestation of the nobility precedes the opinions. Theoretical mysticism also existed in Avestan Iran, which indicates the longevity of mystical concepts in ancient Iran. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the similarities between the concept of manifestation in these two mystical and theological disciplines, which are examined in a descriptive-analytical manner. Accordingly, the main question of the research is that what are the similarities between the interpretation of the manifestation of divine theological forms in the world of existence and the descent of Zoroastrian lands from the Minoan world to the world of creation? The results of the research show that the delay in the manifestation of God's knowledge in the facts of the creatures of the world of possibility is also observed in Avestan Iran. As in Mazdasna, the spiritual forms that reside in human bodies are issued from the center of truth and are known as Amshaspandan Faruhari; In theoretical mysticism, the spiritual form of the determinations of existence are known as the fixed nobles, which are manifested in the manifestations of the world, and the perfect human being is the manifestation of the essence of truth.

Love is a generative balance, a balance that needs to be created and nurtured. Love gives both pain and pleasure to the seeker and seeker and is an experience of unity in the midst of contradictions. A contrast that is sometimes sweeter than honey and sometimes bitterer than poison; With all these descriptions, the lover loves it to reach his beloved. He fights and chews, that too with all his heart. Based on this, this research aims to examine and compare the love of the devil and man for the true God with a descriptive-analytical method and a library tool, and among these, considering the two valuable works of Sheikh Attar's Divine Book and Ain al-Qadat's Tahimidat. to show Which one has been the defender of the devil and his love and which one has been on the side of man and his love for his god, creator and lover. The results of the research show that in order to reach the truth, Attar and Ain al-Qadat consider love as a necessity for the seeker; Especially if this seeker is an ignorant man or a jealous devil. Also, both of them have considered love as a means of spiritual perfection and sometimes they have distinguished between the love of man towards God and the devil with strength or weakness and willingly and unwillingly. has warned.

It is obvious that the lyrical verses of Persian poetry represent the most cultural patterns and signs of civilization. Examining these stories from the perspective of cultural anthropology (whose main foundations are popular culture) is a new approach to them and introduces researchers to two options: one is to investigate people's culture in the content of the stories and Another cultural influence is the narrator according to the culture in which he was raised, and this applies to all the stories that have different narrators. In this research, the various literary and cultural knowledge hidden in the Kurdish popular literature "Beit" will be compared and analyzed with the systems of classical Persian literature, especially where the structure and content of these works are related to the principles of storytelling. If it matches, it can be a valuable work in the field of cultural anthropology studies. This research describes and analyzes the cultural components from an anthropological point of view in the poem "Mehr wa Wafa" in classical Persian literature and Kurdish folk literature narrated by Mam Ahmed Lotfi. To achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. The findings indicate that most of the anthropological components have appeared in this system, and the amount of similarities is greater than the differences, and this indicates the intertextuality between the Persian and Kurdish systems. Another is that the Kurdish narrations of the story, although in terms of generality, theme and concept, are in accordance with the Persian narrations of the same name, but both in form and content, especially the changes and transformations of mystical, epic and lyrical culture. It is in different periods.