نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 29 (زمستان 1395)

Mohammad Ali Afrashteh (1909–1960) is one of the poineers in Gilan poetry and social satire in the form of the famous persian poetry and simple prose. He has been defending labors so he considers one of the greatest candidates of labouring literature. Art of Afrashteh is that while making other people laugh, encourage them to think about their own rights too. Chalangar newspaper which has been published for two years and a half since (1951), is the result of his literary life and somehow reflects his beliefs and thoughts. Most of Afrashteh´s writings have been published in this newspaper. The content of Afrashteh´s writings is the criticize of social and political suituation which has been shown in the form of poetry, story, play and has been show by satire language.He has seen big problems in Iran society which can destroy and reteocede Iran society. As a result, he as a patriot and revolutionary person will reflect the problems in his writings in a simple language and based on his political views will find a solution for the care of their pains. This writing included different way of social, economical, cultural, political and moral criticizing by the analysis of Mohammad Ali Afrashteh´series of writings.

the language is the emergence of thought and human life is vital to speak and to use language that the curtain of human nature and enjoyment of human knowledge of the show and at the same time than the necessity language constitutes the dust that sits on the mirror and the man and the man from their main job that is in heaven. Given that man is the only human being able to express his conscience is so language and purposes that emerging language in human existence is very important and about the past, and in the face. in the case of Maulana and hundreds of thousands of articles, and poems written in the book, but there is still a significant part of secret angles character in Rumi's poems Maulana and still Becker and were untouched perhaps popular" one of the major causes "masnavi Maulvi acceptance. of the goals of this research to examine the language of pests, investigating the role of the language and the effects on human life and clarify the role in the evolution of the language or human degradation can be pointed out. what the results of this study in Rumi's spiritual Maulana obtained showed that, in fact, the most important pests language of dishonesty more ethical irony, such as the utmost fault, lying , absence, hypocrisy, deceiving and deceived , flattery , adventitious rude and trickery can be , if not in control of the language, religion and the world.

Saadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have tried to create works like Golestan, but non of them have been to compete seriously with Golestan. Majd Khafie's a famous poet and theosophist of eight centuries is one of the many who when created Roze Khold, joined the group of Golestan imitators and even over pass them. His book is one of the very similar copies of Golestan which is copied from Golestan. In this article, the concepts of story, tale and anecdote are defined and their differences are explained. Later, the authors have compared and contrasted language, style, characters, messages and other elements of stories of Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold. Through doing a comprehensive comparison and contrast of these two works next to using a documentary and library research, a significant, scientific and research based article is produced.

Firdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so important that they are thinking of recomposing stories of Shahnameh in their own language. Among Kurdish clan, because of their close cultural and lingual attributes to Persian language, the motivation contains a special manifestation. The paper tries to explore Bijan and Manijeh story of Almas Khan Kandoleei’s Kurdish Shahnameh which is an epical sample and an imitation of Firdausi’s Shahnameh. The paper explores it in lyrical view and in two amorous and emotional (apology, vinous, demand and request, plaint, satire and mocking, praise and worship, lament, glory and lampoon) couplet fields. Then, considering cultural parameters of two Persian and Kurdish languages, in addition to frequency of lyrical objects, their common and different aspects will be determined.

Farrokhi poems beyond the evolutional realism Abstract Realism is one of the most fundamental art school which appeared in the middle of nine tenth century in franc, and developed quickly. some elements like keeping away from fancy and inner inspiration and paying attention to realities of life where it’s the most basic elements which attracted poets, writers and artists. At the same time Iranians poems and writers with the constitution list movements payed attention to social affairs and their country’s decadence and arrearages. Constitution era should be considered a turning-point in entrance of poem to people’s life and social’s tendation to realism. Amony the poems of this era, farrokhi Yazdi paid attention to the coun try,s issues with an intense desire to love of freedom and the protection of workers and farmers. The purposes of this research first introducing main elements of realism in farrakhi’s poets and finally the analysis of farrokhi’s poems based on the rules of is that school.

Trying to understand the reality of the soul and its results has always attracted philosophers’ attention and has been regarded as one of the concerns of philosophical thinking. In this article it is specified that the peripatetic philosophers, whether Greek or Islamic, have considered the soul as a chapter of naturalia and try mostly to comment on the soul’s powers and activities they have not had any epistemological view of it. In contrast, Sheykh Ishragh closes the psychology to the theological discussions and looks at it from the epistemological point of view. His discussion is not about soul’s powers, but he provides a way to save the soul from the prison of the body and emancipate the human being from the darkness of material world. In illuminationist philosophy, the theory of intuition was proposed for the first time, so it has discussed the nature of soul from this viewpoint. Suhrawardi’s psychology isn’t a consequence of theoretical discussion, but it results from introspection and self-awareness that is possible only through the asceticism and controlling the dragon of carnal soul. It is soul which shows not only the Light of Lights, but it becomes divine and finally through this path he founds his luminous system. The system of being is realized through the epistemology of soul.

In this research, recognizing the documentary seeks to highlight aspects literary on History of Beihaqi. It has been always a question that if Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History ofBeihaqi) is a historical work, why it is used as a textbook in literature, and why Persian Language and Literature students pay no attention to this work as history students do. In Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History of Beihaqi) authored by Abolfazl Beihaqi, there are some subtitles which can be considered as Beihaqi literature. Beihaqi’s skill in historiography indicates his mastery of writing. Though this work is an authentic document, it is mixed with narrations to the extent that it begins to get away from pure history and get close to literature. Although the historical aspect of this book cannot be overlooked, this research tries to introduce the literary aspect of Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History ofBeihaqi) in a descriptive-analytic method based on the complete researches and the original text of the book. Some of the results show that: 1. because of containing many literary subtleties, this book gets close to literature and sometimes it can be seen as a literary book; 2. having his own eloquence and literary style, Abolfazl Beihaqi enhanced the attraction of his book and presented it in the form of a documentary and interesting story.

Lyric literature is the oldest form of poetry that singing is following your inner feelings and emotions. Features lyrical poetry, love, anger, fun, sorrow, pride and so is the main element of this kind of literary imagination. The material life of this world and its lyrical poet speaks.Meanwhile, one of the aspects of Iranian Identity, monuments and places to live beyond our means is a mason. One of the provinces where its historic architecture both in terms of appearance and functionality focuses inward, outward elements in Yazd province, which its monuments, its spiritual effects, such as beauty, joy, pleasure, pride, feel, experience, imagination etc. have deep ties.About the traditional architecture of the various funds published many books and articles, but less work has focused attention lyric literature in traditional structures. However, the only body makes magnificent monuments that captivates the viewer or themes that are also associated with traditional buildings and the viewer to see and feel every friends Who enjoys and that these themes are in what parts of the building manifesting itself? The journals and raw materials -style library and field collection and analytical way to examine the data presented in several historic buildings, the audience to understand most of the intangible force of monuments.

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity is on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature and to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet Abu Altahyh intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry and Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany.

Conjunctions are very efficient in the building the of the process of the Persian language. Thus, in this essay, writers look closely the compound conjunctions of the Persian language. This investigation tries to investigate whether all compound subordinating conjunctions are compound words or not, or only word "that" is conjunction. For this purpose, by examining the grammarian’s books, newspapers and interviews with Persian speakers we have collected such group of letters. these phrases have been studied from semantic and structural point of view. From Semantic point of view, they are expressing such meanings as state, cause, purpose and so on. And from structural point of view these phrases can be divided into two groups. The first group of them possesses the structure of "group of Noun + that" and another group which has the structure of "group of preposition + that". After this classification different tests such as test of noun for the structure of "noun" group+ that" along with structural tests were applied to both of these structures. As a result, it became clear that some of these phrases just as the grammarians (1994, 2003, 2010, 2011) mentioned before are compound subordinating conjunctions. But some of structures were noun groups or prepositions. They can use in the educational books of the Persian language. They can help development and mobility of the Persian language.

Sufi tendency has always existed in the history of mysticism. But the nature and trends of this varied political and religious structure. Since the emergence of religion and revered Sufi figures, some political leaders and rulers because of various circumstances, of particular concern to Sufis and their efforts have attracted and satisfied. Some of the patriarch and Timurid rulers and rulers because of their spiritual disposition, were given to elders and different forms of Sufi been in contact with. Following this review it is up to the main axes of communication between political leaders and rulers of the Timurid period patriarch and pay the Sufis or:1. Reasons for Supporting the patriarch and Timurid rulers and political leaders, from the hospice, the hospice provider and financial assistance to analyze the Sufis. 2. The effect of prayer, miracles and listening to Sofian, to make connections with political leaders and rulers of the Timurid period and to check the patriarch. 3. The importance of expert advice and Sufis against the rulers of the Timurid period and specify the patriarch. 4. Siding rulers of the Timurid period and patriarch of the Sufi in difficulty, war and jihad in the role of consultant, examines.

The Analysis and comparison of Love in Hafez, Molavi (Rumi), and Ibn al-Farid`s works Abstract: Love is one of the fundamental issues of Mysticism, as without considering it, Mysticism and Transcendent theosophy can not be understood. Love in Mysticism literature has also a great position, so a major part of Mysticism literature is about this issue. in Mysticism literature, specially in Hafez, Molavi (Rumi), and Ibn al-Farid, which are the cases for this research, Love can be studied in two aspects: Virtual Love or Human Love, and Mystic Love or Divine Love. Although experts have different and sometimes contradictory opinions on this, but as we can see in the meaning of these poet`s works, Human Love or Virtual Love is like a bridge to the Divine Love, and the true purpose of them is to attain to the spiritual and transcendental Divine Love, since for these poets the humane beauty and all kinds of beauties in world, is nothing more than the epiphany of Right (God). In this article, by using our references, we try to analysis and comparison Love in Hafez, Molavi (Rumi), and Ibn al-Farid`s works.

The greatest achievements in the field of narrative structuralism and many of the limitations of that style Folk Tales survey was carried out, was by propp and Strauss. In addition to the impact of these two researchers insight, years and nature of the materials myths and legends also was a factor in the study. Also, these stories have the potential to identify the source of the modern age are stories.Propp of the leading writers of the Russian formalist school, with the book "Morphology of Fairy Tales' and prove identical structure to these stories, the narrative of the initiators of the new look and the ability to study many stories the way researchers do not provide scientific and applied for.Structural analysis in the field of literature (Persian and other languages in Iran) is considered a step in the direction of accurate and comprehensive understanding of these works.This paper wants to have one of the Kurdish Beyts as "Shor Mahmoud and Marzyngan" based on the theory of Vladimir Propp, the analysis and structural model prop agreed with Kurdish legends

The love of the country and the quest for awakening people in order to encourage anti-oppression activities and trying to improve the conditions prevailing in the society include the issues that are in the poetry of particular committed poets. The master of poets which has special note on preserving the national identity and ethnic honors is Ferdowsi. This has been appeared in a much bolder and clearer way in the contemporary Iranian literature in comparison to the past. In this thesis, there is evaluation of political and social lyrics of Farrokhi Yazdi and Akhavan Saales to find out the common themes and differences of patriotism and awakening in their poetry. Concepts such as freedom, awakening, fight tyranny and westernization, national identity and recalling the past, nationals and ancients, had been the most important common concerns of these two intellectual poets. This thesis, will study the thinking and motivations, attitudes and trends of these two poets. The results show that Akhavan’s patriotism and his emphasis on ancient past is more, and Farrokhi’s emphasis is on the growth of modern home. In other words, political campaigns of Akhavan can be seen in his poetry and he tried to awaken people by symbols but Farrokhi not only used poetry but also by public campaigns showed his tendency to love his country and his fight for freedom.