نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1394)

“Determinism and Freewill” along with subjects like: Imamat, good and evil, simile and transcendent and... , of the high frequency concepts in theology, philosophy and Islamic mysticism that were assigned comprehensive research. So, this problematic subject is one of the oldest and the most disputable topics that direct theologians, philosophers and great Islamic mystics’ attention to it over the ages.So, for significance and the extent of “determinism and freewill” and also unknown dimensions of it, the author thies to study ‘Iyn al-Quzzāt’s viewpoint - one of the great Islamic mystics of Khosravani’s school- about “determinism and freewill” from two dimensions: love and theological-philosophical, in mystical Farsi prose texts. This paper also tries to answer this question that in his viewpoint, if the man is in the core of determinism or in the domain of freewill?Outcome of this research show that ‘Iyn al-Quzzāt’s in love believes to absolute amorous- mystical determinism, and in mystical-philosophical viewpoint believes to all three subjects: determinism, freewill and “Amron Bein al-Amrain” (mediocrity, so- so).

The purpose of this paper is to survey social criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama and to evaluate historical and social damages in the sixth and seventh centuries and social criticism of that period in Attar's major book, Musibat Nama. Farid ad din Mohammad ebne Ebrahim Nishapuri, top Iranian mystic and critic, is still considered by literary scholars after seven centuries. People of all time involved social issues such as damages, disorders, disturbances and depravities. These issues have not been hidden from Attar's view and he has addressed them in Musibat Nama. Attar has used satire which is a social and critical view to express social abnormalities and to aware people of its consequences. He was trying to preserve the culture and national identity of Iran by expressing dominant values of society. He knew himself from the ordinary people and was speaking in the form of anecdotes which is understandable to various classes of society. Study of Attar's work from this view helps dynamics of society in terms of sympathy and awareness of people.

Patriotism is one of mankind’s reflections and a symbol of national identity in different eras. Patriotism in Persian poetry has two aspects: When the country is conquered by invading country/ countries and when the awakening occurs. The second occurs in awakening era. Many believe that the concept of patriotism in Persian poetry was rather promoted in constitutional era. So the main question of this study is: What factors affected the concept of homeland in different eras of persion poetry? This study attempts to be based on Shuubiya both politically and socially. The study of Shuubiyya era indicates that Patriotism was rather affected by racial and ethical issues.

Iran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this region’s writers utilize the God’s blessing in their works and with this method give their work a kind of style recognition. Actually Khuseztan as one of the most important poles for ecological literature in Iran after revolution and war sustained huge loss because of its writers’ immigration. Also according to political, economic, and social transition speed and as it follows cultural transformation in recent decades, the necessity of investigating these transitions, particularly in literature is sensed more than before. In glance to recent years’ fiction, distancing of this type of literature from realism school is evident and undeniable. It is incontrovertible that the old story writing methods are not responsive to the contemporary human’s mental requirements and psychotic difficulties also changing these methods seem inevitable. Concomitant with emergence of modern and postmodern art and literature in other countries, these literary works has attracted attention and was criticized and investigated. Unfortunately, in Iran critical and essential discussion has been seldom and has opened the arena for unprofessional and tactfully critiques. Therefore, the aim of the presented research is comparing the realism and modernism style constituents with emphasis on short stories of Ahmad Mahmoud and Moustafa Mastour. The research method is analytic-descriptive methodology.

Unlike Freud who was totally preoccupied with ‘causality’, Jung focused on‘eventuality’ as an important principle in the development of human psyche. In other words, besides the past and the present, he considered future as an influential factor in the growth and development of human mind and personality. While not losing sight of personal conscious and unconscious, Jung paid special attention to collective unconscious and archetyps. In the backdrop of such an enlightened attitude didhe introduce individuation as one of the pivotal issues in psychology. He regarded the coordination between conscious and unconscious and inclination of the conscious ‘ego’ towards constructive interaction with the unconscious elements of the psyche, i.e. the Anima, the Animus, the shadow, the persona, the old wise man and the self as a pre-condition for the fundamental unity. Psychological analysis of the novel involves the interplay between psychology and literature and the analysis of a story from such a perspective provides the opportunity to observe the invisible aspects of the story from a wider perspective. Since ‘Welcome to Hades’ has the potentials for such an analysis, the present author has examined the process of individuation in its most prominent characters using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the study revealed that the simultaneity of the prevalence of certain beliefs with wartime situations along with the internal and external invasions created conditions which prevented the process of individuation for some people (Rudabeh, the main character of the story) from bearing fruits. Some other people like Ehsan experiencedregeneracy by going to war and reacheing perfection and integrity in a different way which was compatible with the critical wartime conditions.

The present study aims to describe adjective as one of the main parts of speech in Persian. The theoretical framework of the study draws upon Croft's Radical Construction Grammar (1991, 2001) as a universal-typological approach having a prototypical view on parts of speech. In line with this approach, Persian adjectives can be divided into four groups: the first includes prototypical and unmarked adjectives with modification as their propositional act function and property as their semantic class. The second contains words which modify but their semantic class is object. The third includes adjectives that their semantic class is action , although they modify. And the last group of adjectives in Persian is predicate adjectives proposing a property, although they ascribe.

One of the most grand poet and Gnostic of 13 century was (Tahmasb khan) he called by (Vahdat Kermanshahi). He born in the west of the country. Almost the reason of his fame was by composing a pure theosophy odes. That is include purport, like: love & pantheism. Therefore that Vahdat Kermanshahi have a serious role in creation contemporary literature of Kermanshah and design, literature style of this area. So, in this inquiry, whole effort will be for scrutiny his odes by stylistics point. The method of work is scrutiny his odes in 3 level. Verbal level (phonetic, lexical, syntactic), mental level, literary level. Also try to show the matters how make a notability in his poetic language.

The article appears in the most central and most legitimate image in the mind of Rumi. The author attempts to analyze the dynamic image in the mind of Rumi. The author attempts to analyze the dynamic mage and ambiguous implications in mathnavi relying on simple linguistic and rhetorical statements examine his thought pattern. Rumi what then lived in balkh and fade when exposed to sunlight shams in konya was the most brilliant manifestation was right. The study almosted that the formal features and inherent sun. Rumi also for the expression of non- sensory purposes the occult and the the supernatural world and has become quite evident.