نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 16 (پاییز 1392)

Comparative literature deals with aspects shared by cultural works of
different nations. Since today’s world lives in communication age, seeking to build the global village, undoubtedly, it is impossible to gain a comprehensive and perfect cognition without understanding the surrounding world. Certainly, we will never be able to achieve self- definition exactly if  we only know  ourselves.  Present paper compares verse works of two contemporary prominent poets, Hossein Monzavi and Nazar Qabbani that each of whom is an innovator and master of style poet in his own culture. We attempt to explore alignments and similarities existing in the works of these creative artists and to understand mutual interaction between aspects of impressions of Iranian and Arabic cultures. Since  to  discuss  all  aspects  of  content  and  structure  requires  more extended opportunity, this paper compares only such aspects as love, women, politics, and patriotic poems, which are of richly colored impression  in  the works  of these two  contemporary poets.  Of  course, examination of other aspects is tempting and interesting.

The Myth of Gilgamesh as a universal epic and an existential literary work is the story of the human mind, his endeavors and sufferings and consequently his submission to life after death. The main theme of this mythological tale is the two contrasting concepts of death and immortality, and the exemplary endeavors of the epic´s hero for discovering the plant of life and immortality. In this oldest epic tale two natural incidents of “The Storm”, (The Noah´s storm), and “Seven Years of Hunger”, (The story of Joseph) are mentioned which have been indicated by Quran and Old Testament. In the present paper efforts have been made to view the concept of death and the secret of immortality of soul with a mythological approach and from the point view of Carl Custav Yung, the Swiss Psychologist´s way of analyzing mythological forms of “Dream”.

Structural analysis of oral works of literature and studying it's in the text elements as well as finding proportionate patterns of poetry, contributed to the better understanding of nature of literature and it could be helpful in developing the processing patterns in the rest of literary types. In present study, the verse of Saidawan as a prominent Kurdish oral story is analyzed based on the structural patterns. The purpose of this study is to get to know the Kurdish oral literature better and to investigate and analyze the structure of work based on the main structural patterns. The study has been conducted based analytical method in the liberary and indicates that the narrative structure of story of Saidawan conforms the structuralisms’ theory.

Fereidoddin Attar Neishaboori is a mystic and famous poet whose glorious position and magnificence in Gnosticism and poetry are appreciated by everyone. His poetry and works enjoy appropriate research capabilities in Persian literature due to the frequency and the extent of contents.  His  poetry can  be  investigated  on  a  variety of  perspectives. Nostalgic look to his poetry is an example. In fact, Nostalgia means sentimentality for the past or irrecoverable condition. When a poet discusses such issues as death, human's mortality and its subsequent grief and expresses his hatred of the Existence, the theme used in his/her poetry is Philosophical Nostalgia. This kind of attitude is manifested in the poetry of some poets and scholars such as the Sage of the Secrets, Attar Neishabouri.   This study has been conducted employing a descriptive- analytical methodology aiming at investigating Attar's poetry in the area of Philosophical Nostalgia so that, finally, his look to the philosophy of death and human's mortality and his pessimistic look to the world will be further clarified.

Passive verbs, usually being from “Bon-Naghli” of auxiliary verbs derivation from passive verbs based on auxiliary verbs of “Shodan”, “Gashtan” or “Gardiddan” and in Dari prose from “Amadan” and “Oftadan”. Since, unknown verbs accompanied with linker verbs, some linguistics bring these auxiliary linker verbs as predication sentences for grammatically commentary and some others emphasis on the non-lexis structure of linker verbs like as passive sentences and lexical verbs of these sentences. This paper aims at investigating the special structure of passive verb, sentences with passive verb and prediction and non- prediction structure of them. So, in this paper the possibility and impossibility of imperative verb is also discussed. Literatures used for this research are authentic traditional recipe books and linguistics. Results of this research indicated the impossible passive structure for present imperative  verb  with  imperative  verb  “Sho”  and  non  –prediction  of passive sentences.

Pursuing objective is one of the causes behind composing poems, thus poets usually exploit different methods of expressions and diverse factors and tools for accessing the objectives. Touching sensible objects in the universe and explaining them by using expression methods, Hafez as a great poet also has his own objectives. This study aims at investigating the objectives for expressing the natural factors in Hafez lyrics. Hence, first, a concise definition of poetry and imagery is introduced which is followed by referring to important points concerning images in Hafez's poetry and his use of nature for creation these images. Then, objectives and intentions behind expressing natural factors in Hafez lyrics would be studied. This research investigates the reasons for using natural factors as rhetoric methods of expression like simile and metaphor to present and express indirectly and implicitly different moral, mystical, educational, social, and philosophical subjects. This study aims at revealing Hafez's art and his elegance as well as hidden corners of his thoughts. This research will be conducted base on descriptive method one data would be collected in the library.

The stream of consciousness was first introduced to literature from psychology. Social situation, philosophical thoughts and psychologists influences and mental condition of authors cause some of the novelists tend to this narrative devise in the 20th century. Since this technique tends to reflect the stream of consciousness of the narrator / character, it is associated with conscious and unconscious mind and essentially it is the reflection of the mind that creates stream of consciousness narratives like confusion of time, inner reflection, indiscreet and blunt statement, inner monologue and poetic dialogues. This research aims at investigating Nafsatol Masdoor to find traces of stream of consciousness. Also, reviewing the  characteristics  of  this  technique  seems  necessary before studying the case.