نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال هشتم شماره 12 (پیاپی 45، اسفند 1398)

Cancer diagnosis and side effects of treatment are stressful experiences for the patients. Moreover, as one of the unresolved issues, the results of studies on the association between psychological stress and cancer incidence rates have conflicting results. The present study was aimed to investigate the association between stress and cancer in previous studies. The current study has used systematic research tools in electronic databases of national and international research-scientific journals to systematically review studies and search for the research history through using the keywords “Stress” and “Cancer” from 2016 to 2019. Results have been reported qualitatively. The review first started by going through all summaries and the full text of the previous articles, followed by irrelevant omission papers, and the final analysis was performed on ten articles. Since stress in the reviewed papers had been investigated by different scales, there was no sufficient homogeneity in these studies to combine the data; hence, they were just reported. Among these studies, there was a significant association between mental stress and the onset of pain and recurrence of cancer in seven studies, and there was no association in the other three. Given the findings of the present paper review, it appears necessary to adopt appropriate methods for identifying risk factors, prevention, treatment, and stress management on the patients. Most studies have shown an association between stress and the incidence and recurrence of cancer. Nevertheless, prospective analytical studies with controlling the intervention variables are required to clarify this association.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on marital intimacy and emotion regulation of couples. The method of this research is semi experimental that was carried out by using a pre-test-post-test design with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all married students referring to Sanandaj counseling centers that 20 couples (40 people) of them were selected using with Convenience Sampling. These couples were randomly assigned in 20-member groups to the experimental and control group. Data collected by the couples' intimacy questionare of Olia, Fatehizadeh, and Bahrami and the emotion regulation of Gratz & Roemer, and analyzed by covariance analysis. The data analysis showed that participate in sessions of compassion-focused therapy increased the marital intimacy (P <0.001 and F = 389.96) and the emotion regulation (P <0.001 and F = 19.140) in couples. It means there was a significant difference between scores of the experimental group that receiving the treatment and the control group that received no treatment. According to the results, using compassion focused therapy can improve intimacy and emotion regulation, and this can be an essential step toward reducing marital and divorce problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on reducing impulsivity and high-risk behaviors of female secondary school students. The research method was experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with experimental and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female high school students in Shahrekord in the academic year of 2015-2016. 32 students were selected by random sampling and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The Acceptance and Commitment Approach Therapy program was administered to the experimental group in 8 sessions, each session for 90 minutes (twice a week), while the control group did not receive any intervention. Both experimental and control groups completed impulsivity questionnaire (Bart et al., 1995) and risk behaviors test (Rashid & Marabi, 2012) before and after treatment. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. Findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on impulsivity (motor impulsivity, cognitive impulsivity and lack of planning) and high risk behaviors (unsafe sexual behavior, violence, substance use) in female students (P <0.05). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment group therapy is an appropriate method to reduce impulsivity and high risk behaviors of female students.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy based on mind-boggling consciousness on resilience and emotional self-regulation in mothers of hypertensive adolescents. For this purpose, based on a semi-experimental design, 30 mothers of hypertensive children who referred to the Told Sepid counselling centre (2017-2018) were selected by convenience sampling in two groups of experimental and control. Then, an emotional self-regulation questionnaire, resilience scale on all subjects, and data collected. After this stage, the experimental group trained in cognitive therapy based on the allegorical mindfulness in 8 sessions. Then, the emotional self-regulation questionnaire, resilience scale was distributed among them. The data were analyzed at a descriptive-level using central and scattering tendencies and inferiority indices using covariance analysis with intra-group repeated measures and analyzed by SPSS-19 software. The results of this study showed that Mental and behavioural cognitive behaviour therapy has a significant effect on the resilience and emotional self-regulation of mothers of hypertensive adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of education programs on reducing the burnout of second-grade students in the dormitory of Allameh Majlesi School dormitory in Alwan. The research was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study comprised of all second-grade students living in the dormitory of Allameh Majlesi School of Alavan in the academic year of 96-95. Among them, 30 students who had high scores in the academic burnout questionnaire were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups (15 subjects) and control (15 people). The experimental group trained a resuscitation program for ten sessions of 90 minutes, While the control group did not receive any interventions. For data collection, the Burns Inventory of Burnout Questionnaire (2007) used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software and one-variable covariance statistical method. The findings showed that the students in the experimental group had significantly lower academic burnout than the control group students in the post-test (P> 0/01).. Therefore, paying attention to the effectiveness of training curriculum in students with academic burnout is very important

The present research was conducted aiming to check effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in people afflicted by sexual dysfunction. In terms of objectives, the present research is practical; and in terms of data collecting, it is a single-case experimental research. Participants are evaluated in all phases including basic line, therapy and post-therapy, and pursuit respectively. Statistical population of this study includes all the women who were diagnosed with sexual function disorder who had come to the psychotherapy and counseling clinic in the early months of the current year. Among this statistical population, two patients who were diagnosed with acute and very acute anxiety and depression were selected considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Both patients received cognitive-behavioral therapy in 8 sessions. Evaluation was carried out using Beck`s Depression Inventory for every and each step. In order to analyze data, SPSS-18 Package was used. Results demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral therapy with effect size of 1.58 (the first patient) and 1.55 (the second patient) has alleviated symptoms of anxiety on these patients and both effect sizes show a high level of effectiveness in treatment.

This study aimed to determine the role of regret, self-doubt, and depression in predicting self-criticism.  457 students from statistical population of students of Iran University of Science and Technology in the academic year 2017-2018 were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They were assessed by the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (Thompson &  Zuroff, 2004) and Temperament and Affectivity Inventory (Watson et al, 2014). Besides they completed a demographic survey. Data were  analyzed  by descriptive Statistics and Simultaneous Regression. The results of correlation showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between dimensions of regret, self-doubt, and depression with self-criticism. Also, The research findings showed that regret, self-doubt, and depression are predicted of 35 percent changes in self-criticism. In general, It seems that affective temperaments dimensions such as regret, self-doubt, and depression play an essential role in self-criticism, and therefore, should be considered in interventions related to clinical disorders.

According to the impact of social anxiety on various aspects of people's lives, present research is going to examine the role of mother's parental control and fear of negative evaluation in prediction of social anxiety in students. 395 undergraduate students of Urmia University selected by cluster sampling method. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNES), Parental Control Scale (PCS) and Social Anxiety Inventory (SPIN) were used to collect the research data. The research method was descriptive and correlational; also the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression with using SPSS. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the fear of negative evaluation and mother's parental control with social anxiety. The results of the regression analysis indicated a significant role of fear of negative evaluation and mother's parental control in predicting social anxiety. So it can be concluded that the fear of negative evaluation and mother's parental control can predict social anxiety.

Aging is a sensitive period of human life, in which aging people are at increased risk of chronic illness, social isolation and lack of social protection, and are often threatened in many cases, their autonomy by their physical and mental disabilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of self-compassion-focused therapy on loneliness and life expectancy in senior women. The present study was a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population consisted of the elderly in Zanjan city, 30 of whom were eligible to participate in the research, they were randomly selected as samples and subjected to exprimental and control in two groups of 15 and completed the questionnaire of the loneliness of Russell and Miller's life expectancy. The experimental group received an 8-session self-compassion treatment, during which time the control group did not receive any psychological training or therapy. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using covariance analysis. The results of this study showed that self-compassion-focused therapy could have a significant effect on reducing loneliness and increasing the life expectancy of senior women (P = 0.001). According to the importance of the elderly population in each community, it is suggested that self-compassion-focused education or treatment be used to reduce loneliness and increase life expectancy in this group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the The statistical population of this study was 2nd- grade high school female studentsin Zanjan city in the academic year of 2018-19. Of these, 30 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of experiment and control. The experimental group received the mindfulness training with an Islamic approach in 8 sessions of 120 minutes) a session per week (; the control group did not receive any intervention. State vitality scale (SVS (and school well-being questionnaire (SW-BQ) were used for collecting data. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance. The results of the research showed that after controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test subjective vitality and school well-being. In other words, mindfulness with an Islamic approach increases subjective vitality and school well-being of students. According to the findings of this research, the training of mindfulness with an Islamic approach can be used as an appropriate intervention to increase subjective vitality and school well-being.

This study aimed to predict marital adjustment based on psychological capital (hope, optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy) in a sample of married students. This descriptive- correlational study was performed on married students Islamic Azad University, Tehran South Branch in the 2017 year. The sample consisted of 270 students (183 women and 87 men) who were selected through multistage cluster sampling method, based on the formula of Chow. Data collection tools were Luthans et al Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007), and the Busby et al Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (1995). Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression tests.The results of Pearson correlation coefficients showed that marital adjustment with variables hope (r = 0/322), optimism (r = 0/191), resiliency (r = 0/366) and self efficacy (r = 0/268) were positive correlation And significant (P <0/01). The results of the regression analysis showed that the components of resilience, hope, and self-efficacy were able to predict 22% of variance changes in marital adjustment. The total results of this study support the importance of the components of psychological capital in the marital adjustment of married students. Accordingly suggested that, the family therapists have specific attention to the psychological capital of couples in implementing interventions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs in infertile women. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women referred to the fertility and Infertility Center of District 3 of Tehran during the first six months of 2018. 30 infertile women who scored higher than average in dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs tests, were selected as a sample group and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15cases) and control (15 cases). Cognitive-behavioral therapy was performed on individuals in the experimental group for nine sessions of 90 minutes (per biennial weekly) individually; the control group was placed on the waiting list for two months.  Weisman and Beck’s ineffective attitudes questionnaire and wrong ideas questionnaire of Jones were used to collect information in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the research data. The results showed that with the control of the effect of pre-test, there is a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that this type of treatment use as a psychological therapy for psychological empowerment and reduction of dysfunctional attitudes and correction of irrational beliefs in infertile women in and infertility treatment centers and clinics.

The current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the relationship between academic help seeking and academic adjustment of students with mediating role of academic eagerness. This is a descriptive-correlational research done using path analysis. The statistical population of the research consisted of all female students of the second round of theoretical high schools of Karaj city in academic year 2017-2018 (n=1600). Using multistage cluster sampling method, a sample size of 250 was selected based on Morgan and Krejcie table. In order to collect data, Help-Seeking Questionnaire, Adjustment Inventory for School Students -AISS and Academic Eagerness Scale  were used. In order to analyze data, path analysis was used. The results from data analysis showed that academic eagerness plays a mediating role in the relationship between academic help seeking and academic adjustment. Additionally, 40% of variation of academic adjustment scores with the mediation of academic eagerness can be explained by help seeking among students. Moreover, considering the research findings, 0/30 of academic eagerness variance and 0/62 of academic adjustment variance were explained by academic help seeking among students. In conclusion, it can be said that planning to enhance academic eagerness of students can play an important role in increasing academic help seeking and academic adjustment among students.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Harman-Jones (2011) attitude toward the emotion scale (ATES) among the highschool grade 2 students in the academic year of 2018-2019. The statistical population of this study includes all second-grade students in Tehran and a sample of 252 high school students in Fatemiyeh high school in the 6th area of 14th region city of Tehran and the tool used to measure Harman-Jones's attitude toward the emotion. The findings of the exploratory analysis indicated that this scale is by the culture of Iranian adolescents, covering five factors of attitude toward anger, sadness, agony, fear, and pleasure, which together account for 58.92% of the total variance. The items related to these five factors have a T value of above 1.96 and a useful load factor of more than 0.4 and a standard load of more than 0.3. The fitting indices were also reached to desirable proportions, and since RMSEA is less than 0.08, the relative chi-square is less than 3, and the GFI, NFI, CFI, and IFI fit index is 0.9, so the 5-factor model discovered in the analysis Exploration has been confirmed in the confirmation analysis and is consistent with the culture of Iranian adolescents over 16 years of age. Also, each of the five factors has an alpha value higher than 0.7, which is consistent with internal consistency.

Nonverbal behavior plays an important role in the interpersonal relationships of people who are from different countries and different sex. This cross-cultural study aims to investigate the knowledge of nonverbal cues in Iranian and Italian people taking into account the gender differences as well. a non-verbal questionnaire was utilized in order to evaluate the knowledge of nonverbal cues in samples of 360 Italian and 360 Iranian participants. The results exposed that, the Italian group got a higher rating in nonverbal cues than Iranian one, which means different cultural backgrounds affect the individuals’ knowledge of non-verbal cues, and also in the Iranian group, the women received higher rates than the men, indicating that the women have more non-verbal decoding accuracy compared to the men.

The purpose of this study was to compare executive functions and adaptation components in students with and without learning disabilities. The research method was causal-comparative (post-event). The sample consisted of 60 students (30 students with learning disabilities and 30 students with learning disabilities) who according to the background of research related to this field and the criteria for entering and leaving the research by available sampling method. Students with learning disabilities and targeted students with learning disabilities were selected and Collage's Neuropsychological and Personality Test (2002) and the Sinn and Sink  Student Adaptation Questionnaire (1998) were completed. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed a significant difference between the total score of executive functions and the components of decision making, planning and inhibition in the two groups of students with learning disabilities and students without learning disabilities (P<0.01). Also, there was a significant difference between the total score of adjustment and social and academic components of two groups of students with learning disability and students without learning disability (P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference between the mean of emotional adjustment component of two groups of students with learning disability and students without learning disability (P>0.05). Based on this, it can be concluded that students with learning disabilities have lower levels of executive functions and adaptation components than students without learning disabilities.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of smart schools and ordinary schools from the creativity point of view in the Arak high school. The statistical population consisted of 6152 students in the ordinary schools and 2540 students in the smart schools, and the sample size is consisted of 384 persons who are selected by Morgan table and stratified ratio sampling method. The research approach is descriptive - casual - comparative. Data collection tools are standardized questionnaire which its reliability coefficient was measured with the Cronbach's alpha approach for different sections of the test. Data analysis with statistical methods, unilateral variance analysis tests, and t-test was carried out for independent groups and mean comparison test in the independent groups. The results show that between smart school and ordinary school is meaningful relationship from the amount of creativity viewpoint. There is no difference between the amount of creativity in the smart and ordinary schools according to gender. There are not any difference Between smart and ordinary schools based on scholastic levels , however, there are difference between smart and ordinary students in third grade and also there are not any differences between the second grade .There are not any difference between smart and ordinary schools based on fields of study and also there is no difference among human and experimental science, but there is difference between mathematical science students from creativity viewpoint in the schools.

Addiction is a kind of disease in which the patient repeats the behavior despite of knowing about the adverse effects. It is both a psychological and physical condition which threatens all aspects of life including health, family, and social relations. Because of the social and economic burden that it puts on society and the person him/herself, it has always been one of the main concerns in the research. Studies have found different risk factors as the reason why people have tendency toward addiction. One of the main reasons found to be responsible for emergence and perpetuation of addiction is the child and primary caretaker (mother) relationship in the very first years of development, which is going to be the pattern on which future relationships are based. It also forms the main strategy for coping with stress. It has now become the focus of attention in research to use this variable for predicting addiction in adolescent and treating it. I this paper, we investigated on all aspects of attachment, different kinds of it, common mechanisms of action in addiction and attachment. Addiction treatments which are formulated based on attachment theory were also studied.