مجله تغذیه گیاهان باغی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1398)

In order to investigate the morpho-physiological responses of purslane plant to humic acid under Nickle stress a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications were carried out in the greenhouse. The factors were nickel concentrations with four levels (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mM) as the main plots and four levels of humic acid concentrations (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L) as sub-main plots. The results showed that different nickel and humic acid concentrations had significant effects on most of morpho-physiological traits such as; root length, MDA, SOD, CAT chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. By increasing nickel levels, the growth indices such as shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, a, total chlorophyll and the amount of carotenoid decreased, while by increasing the nickel levels the proline content, MDA and CAT decreased. By increasing humic acid level, the proline content and the activity of CAT increased, while the amount of MDA and SOD enzymes decreased. The highest yield and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents was obtained at 0.4 mM nickel and 600 mg/L humic acid. However, it can be concluded that applying the humic acid can be a suitable procedure to reduce the harmful effects of nickel stress and improving in physiological and biochemical parameters and plant tolerance to nickel stress in Portulaca oleracea.

Arabidopsis thaliana is the most important model plant in plant nutrition studies, genetics, and plant biotechnology. Arabidopsis cultivation is mainly done in either soil or soilless systems. But hydroponic systems due to the exact control of plant nutritional needs and the substrate are more compatible for high accuracy experiments such as plant nutrition.Accordingly, this experiment was conducted to provide an optimized Arabidopsis germination system for production of healthy seedlings for soilless systems based on the agar-nutrient media.

Two milliliters microtubes were cut into 10 mm in length, and connected upsidedown to the table with adhesive tape then were filled with agar (0.55%) and mineral elements (Hoagland) medium (1:1V/V). Sterilized and stratified seeds were sown on filled microtubes and then transferred to the growth chamber. Germination percentage and growth parameters of seedlings were measured.

Results showed the effectiveness of the optimized germination system and also the agar-nutrient medium. Accordingly, seed germination percentage was more than 97.5%. Also, production of healthy seedlings (85%) especially the production of intact roots for various biological root and nutritional studies was another advantage of this experiment. Based on the results three weeks old plants were ready for transplanting to the main cultivation system.

The results of the present study led to the conclusion that optimized system and medium due to high efficiency, simple and possible design, precise control of the substrate and root medium, could be recommended for Arabidopsis germination experiments and also arabidopsis cultivation for nutritional purposes.

Soil and water alkalinity are limiting factors of agricultural products in arid and semi-arid areas especially in Iran. An experiment was carried out as factorial base on completely randomize desigen with three factors; sodium bicarbonate at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mM), nitrogen sources (5 mM ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate in nutrient soulotion) and garlic genotypes (white and purple) with three replications. The results showed that shoot and root fresh and dry weight decreased by increasing sodium bicarbonate from 10 mM to 20 mM in nutrient solution and application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate sources decreased the negative effect of sodium bicarbonate on shoot and root fresh and dry weights. The results showed that nitrogen and potassium concentration in both garlic genotypes which nourished with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate were increased by increasing alkalinity stress intensity. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in the plants that treated by calcium nitrate and ammonium sulfate sources increased by increasing alkalinity intensity in both genotypes. while iron concentration in all of nitrogen sources decreased under alkalinity stress. Conclution: According to the results of this experiment, the use of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate sources has a better performance on nutrients absorption and nutrient concentration in shoot of garlic under bicarbonate stress conditions.

The results showed that the effect of treatments on the plant growth was significant in respect of dry weight of aerial organ, plant height, leafs number and leafs area, Stem diameter (Table 2). The maximum dry weight of the aerial organ, leaf number, leaf area was observed in the treatment of 50:50 (Table 3). The treatments had significant effect on the concentration of the nutrients in the leaf (Table 4). Therefor, the highert concentration of N was observed for the treatments of 25:75, 0:100 and the lowest was in that of 100% nitrate. The maximum concentrat of Calcium and Potassium was observed with the consumption of nitrate 100%, and the least was that of ammonium (Table 5). The effect of treatments was significant on function of the plant. Increasing the ammonium amount to 100% from 50% in the nutrient solution led to decrease of fruit weight to 67% and fruit number to 57%. The longest fruit was belonged to the treatments of 75:25, 50:50, and the thickest fruit was that of nitrate 100%, 75:25, 50:50 (Table 5). The different ratios of nitrate to ammonium were significant for the quality characteristics including the amount of the dissolve solids, treatable acidity, vitamin C (Table 6). The least amount of vitamin C was observed in the treatment with ammonium amount above 50% (Table7). Antioxidant, lycopene and chlorophyll index were not affected by the treatments. The results showed that ratios of 75:25, 50:50 have positive effect on the plant growth

Seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) is one of the most valuable products of Iran's exports and is one of the most promising products of Southern Khorasan Province, the only seedless barberry production center in the world. The area under cultivation of this product in South Khorasan as the first producer (with 98% of Iran's barberry production) is 14656.5 hectares, indicating the important position of this product in the region's economy and creating productive employment in the province (Kamyab et al, 2016). This shrub is one of the plants that all its parts (leaf, root, stem and fruit) are used in medicine and food industry (Martynove et al., 1984). The fruits of the barberry have a cool and dry nature, and in the traditional medicine, the liver and heart are supplemented, the gastric hemorrhage and the blood supply and hemorrhoids. Also, the leaf is an appropriate drug for ulcers and diarrhea (Mirhaidar, 1993). The integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers sustains the intense production system, which can be attributed to the improvement of soil quality characteristics and release of nitrogen (Salehi et al., 2014). Organic fertilizers with the production of humus reduce the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers and increase the efficiency of fertilizer application (Yang et al., 2005). The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the integrated nutritional composition of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on the yield as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics of barberry. Since barberry has fruiting period, in this research the effect of fertilizer treatments on high yielding years has been investigated.

This experiment was conducted as split plot randomized complete block design with three replications in commercial garden in Qaen during 2016. Main treatments comprised four application type of fertilizer (1-no fertilizer application, and application of 2-Chemical fertilizer, 3-organic fertilizer and 4-50 percent of chemical along with 50 percent of organic fertilizer). Sub treatments were no fertilizer, application of Phosphate Barvar-2, humic acid, and Phosphate Barvar-2 + humic acid. The measured characteristics included the fresh weight of fertile branch, fresh and dried weight of berries, ash percentage, dry matter percentage, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, anthocyanin, flavonoids, vitamin C and total phenol in the berries. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS software version 9.1 and comparison of means by Tukey method at 5% probability level.

Considering that the main- and sub-fertilizer treatments have a significant effect on the most of the measured traits at 1% probability level, the effectiveness of the main and secondary fertilizer treatments in barberry can be obtained. The results of this study showed that the combination of organic and chemical fertilizers + Phosphate Barvar-2 + humic acid with positive effect on the traits related to the yield was the best treatment. The treatment also had the highest percentage of ash, anthocyanins and vitamin C in the berries. This treatment and other integrated treatments were better in comparison with the application of separate organic and chemical fertilizers in most of the traits. Accordingly, the integrated application of animal and chemical fertilizers with equal amounts can be recommended instead of separate application in order to achieve greater yield and quality in barberry.

These results suggested that the greatest yield and quality of berries was obtained at integrated application of chemical and organic fertilizer along with fertigation of humic acid and Phosphate Barvar-2, indicating positive effect of the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizer over the separate application of the fertilizer on the yield and yield components of barberry. The application of humic acid with other fertilizer sources can reduce the excessive use of fertilizers and their leaching and help maintain soil and water resources. Biofertilizer 2 also improves the amount of phosphorus in soil and improves the absorption of phosphorus of barberry plant, by improving the amount of phosphorus available in soil as well as decreasing phosphorus fertilizer consumption. Therefore, it is very important to plan large-scale fertilizer management in the field of this strategic product of Iran. In order to be surer of the results, it is also necessary to carry out research in off-year of barberry

Mazandran province is ranked the second in production strawberry in Iran so it is considered as an important pole production of this popular small fruit. So in this research, the using of rice husk as an organic source of silicon (Si) along with foliar application of 50 and 100 mg Si/lit sodium and potassium silicate in strawberry cultivation was evaluated. The results showed that plants treated with sodium silicate 100 has more chlorophyll a in comparison with other silicon treatments. Potassium and calcium concentration of strawberry leaf in medium without rice husk (MWRH) was more than medium contained rice husk (MCRH) significantly. Among applied treatments, potassium silicate 100 was the only treatment that has more leaf silicon in comparison with other treatments at 1% probability level. Total flavonoid content in the MWRH with potassium silicate 100 treatment was significantly more than other treatments except MCRH with sodium silicate 50. Totally, MWRH with potassium silicate

this research was carried out to investigate the effects of the use of nitroxin and superabsorbent alone and in combination in moisture stress conditions on growth and yield of the corn. The experiment was arranged in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three irrigation levels containing optimal irrigation (irrigation at soil water potential -3 bar), moderate drought stress (irrigation at soil water potential -7 bar) and severe water stress (irrigation at soil water potential -11 bar) were allocated to main plots and four bio fertilizer Nitroxin and superabsorbent levels including no application of these material (control), superabsorbent, Nitroxin as a bio-fertilizer and a combination of Nitroxin and superabsorbent were considered as sub plots. The studied traits included plant height, leaf area index, ear length, ear periphery, and row number per ear, number of seeds per row, 100 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The results showed that more growing traits and yield were significantly affected by superabsorbent and Nitroxin application. This effectiveness was less under mild but more under severe stress conditions. The combined application of superabsorbent and Nitroxin in both mild and sever stress conditions created a better situation in growth traits and yield components. Total yield in severe stress treatment increased by 35%, 60% and 68%, respectively, under using of Nitroxin superabsorbent and their composition compared to non-use. Lowest grain yield (4.75 t/ha) was obtained by severe stress and no use of both of type of bio-fertilizer and superabsorbent

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) commonly known as Shebet in Farsi is an annual, glabrous and aromatic herb belonging to the Apiaceae family. Dill is one of the first known multipurpose plants which have been used as a spice and medicine. Dill seeds used as a carminative, antispasmodic, sedative, lactagogue, diuretic, stimulant and to treat hemorrhoids, bronchial asthma, neuralgia, dysuria, genital, ulcers and dysmenorrhea. Using organic manures and Bio-Fertilizers such as nitrogen fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria has led to a decrease in the application of chemical fertilizers and has provided high quality agricultural products by using correct nutritional sources through organic manures and bio-fertilizers, yield and active substances of medicinal plants can be maximized. Therefore, the main objective of the present field experiment was to investigate the possibility of replacing urea fertilizer with bio-fertilizers in the production of Dill

Field experiment was conducted at Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. The experiment consisting of 8 treatments was conducted as factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments included: The treatments consisted of four growthpromoting bacterial strains (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida) that were combined in equal proportions and used as bio fertilizer. Bio-fertilizers prepared separately or in combination with different levels of urea (100, 50 and 25% recommended amount of urea for Dill).

The results showed that biological fertilizers, individually or in combination with nitrogen fertilizer, increased growth, seed production, essential oil content, essential oil composition and leaf chlorophyll content; compared to control. Essential oil analysis of coriander seeds showed that the most important compounds are Carvone, limonene and Apiol that were significantly affected by biological and chemical fertilizers. Using 50% of the recommended amount of urea fertilizer with bio fertilizer, increased the quality and quantity of Dill yield. In fact, the use of combined fertilizers is suggested to reduce the using of chemical fertilizer

Nowadays, application of chemical compounds is limited due to their harmful effects on human health and environmental. Therefore, it is required to find safe compound that utilized in postharvest technology of fruit and vegetable. Calcium is regarded as a safe and potentially effective element for increasing the quality and storage life of several fruit. Pre and postharvest treatments with different calcium salts have been effective in maintaining cell wall stabilization and integrity, enhancing antioxidant capacity, delaying the ripening process, alleviating chilling injury, controlling postharvest decay and reducing physiological disorders of horticultural crops. However, there is little information about the effects of different calcium sources on bioactive components, antioxidant properties and quality attribution in pear fruits. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-harvest application of calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium lignosulphonate on important quality characteristics, antioxidant properties and storage life of pear fruits. The experiment was carried out on 8-year-old pear [Pyrus communis (L.) ‘Dargazi’] trees, in a commercial orchard located in the Zanjan (Abhar). The results showed that treatment with different calcium sources significantly maintained content of total soluble solids, firmness, vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The experiment conducted here indicated that a preharvest application of calcium salts increased calcium content of pear fruits.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) that belongs to the Fabacecae family, has been commonly used as a traditional food and medicine (Mehrafarin et al., 2011). Several experimental and clinical studies support beneficial effects of fenugreek in the management of metabolic diseases and inflammatory disorders. Water shortage is one of the most important limiting factors which reduces the growth of fenugreek and other plants around the world and the most common environmental stress (Abedi and Pakniyat, 2010). In recent years, the excessive use of fertilizers and chemicals in agricultural production systems has increased the risk of environmental pollution and agricultural products. Bio-fertilizers as an alternatives or supplementary for chemical fertilizers, can guarantee the sustainability of agricultural production systems (Han et al., 2006).Therefore, considering the importance of bio fertilizers and water shortage, this experiment was conducted to study the effect of mycorrhizal and green algae bio fertilizers on morpho-physiological traits and the relationships between these traits under low and conventional irrigation regimes.

In order to study the effect of bio fertilizers on reducing the impact of drought stress in fenugreek, an experiment was conducted in two-factor factorial format in a randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The first factor was irrigation at two levels comprising without stress (irrigation based on 100% soil capacity) and low irrigation stress (irrigation based on 40% soil capacity), and the second factor was biological fertilizer at three levels (without bio fertilizer, use of mycorrhiza fungi and use of green algae). The studied traits included chlorophyll, leaf relative water content, membrane stability index, plant fresh weight, grain yield, number and width of leaf stomata, number of pods and number of seeds per pod.

The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation effect was significant for all traits except for the number of stomata. The effect of bio fertilizer on all traits was significant, and interaction between irrigation and bio fertilizer was significant for most of the traits except for the relative water content of the leaves. The highest grain yield (4.55 g. plant-1) and the highest plant fresh weight (18.06 g. plant-1) respectively, were obtained under non-stress conditions and using mycorrhiza. Using mycorrhizal bio fertilizer under stress conditions improved the majority of traits compared to non-use of bio fertilizer. Under stress conditions, plant fresh weight had positive and significant correlation with the membrane stability index, grain yield, stomata number, stomata width and number of seeds per pods (Table 6 above the diameter of the table). Under non- stress conditions, the correlation of plant fresh weight with grain yield, stomata number, stomata width, number of pods and number of seeds per pod was positive and significant (Table 6 below the diameter of the table). Under stress conditions, positive and significant correlation was observed between grain yield with membrane stability index, plant fresh weight, stomata number, stomata width and number of seeds per pod (Table 6 above table diameter). Under non- stress conditions, there was a positive and significant correlation between grain yield with fresh weight of plant, stomata number, stomata width, number of pods and number of seeds per pod (Table 6 below the diameter of the table). The stepwise regression showed that the number of seed per pod in stress and non-stress condition had the highest effect on grain yield, while the number of stomata in non-stress conditions and the number and width of stomata in stress conditions had the highest effect on plant fresh weight.

A significant increase in quantity and quality of yield is achieved by paying attention to the relationships between yield and yield components and their effect on each other. The number of seed per pod; and the number of stomata and stomata width can be respectively used to improve grain yield and fresh weight of fenugreek under stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of municipal waste compost and nitrogen on the yield of tomatoes and the concentration of heavy metals in fruit and soil, a field experiment was conducted with 9 treatments and three replications in the form of split plot design in Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tehran Province for one year. The main plot consisted of three levels of compost consumption (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1 with a moisture content of 22% by weight). Subplots consisted of three levels of nitrogen application (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1). The effect of urban waste compost, the effect of nitrogen and their interaction on yield of tomatoes were statistically significant at the level of one percent. The highest yield of fruit 68785 kg ha-1 was obtained from 20 ton.ha-1 compost with 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen. Consumption of 20 tons per hectare of urban waste compost significantly increased the concentration of lead, cadmium and nickel in tomato fruit at 2804, 2400 and 3022 percent, respectively, compared to control. However, the concentration of any of the above elements in fruit was not more than the maximum allowed national standard of the country. Also, municipal waste compost increased the concentration of total lead, nickel and cadmium in soil, which was allowed in this concentration increase. Also, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of lead, cadmium and nickel of tomatoes with total concentration of these elements in the soil.