نشریه مهندسی جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Due to high salinity of surface waters in Tabriz plain, which is one of the major concerns about irrigation and sustainable agriculture in the area, farmers exploit groundwater as supplement for surface water to irrigate their fields. This study aimed to apply Algebraic and Geo-statistical models for mapping groundwater depth through Tabriz plain over a period of 13 years (1380 to 1392) using data collected from 42 piezometric wells. Used models include Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF), as representative of algebraic methods and Kriging as representative of Geo-statistical methods. Selection of appropriate method and validation of models were done by means of cross validation, mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Results indicated that Kriging is more precise than other methods for zoning mapping the depth of groundwater, and the output map corresponds highly with land use, drainage networks, geology and through the study area. So, the method is considered to as the best model to zoning mapping the groundwater depth through Tabriz plain. Also, comparison of groundwater depth zoning maps over examined periods is indicative of an increase in groundwater depth in Southeast, East, South and partly North of the study area. This increase of groundwater depth could be related to improper exploitation of groundwater resources considering given garden lands located on the parts of the study area

Balanced development and balanced of geographical area, requires careful consideration and comprehensive economic, social, cultural problems and community needs, to better understand and improve them. So the usual criteria for regional planning, grading areas by having different indices of development. In this study, with using taxonomy model and using of 42 development indicators in the fields of (economic, social, educational, health care), the analysis levels of development of the Townships of Kermanshah Province were studied. This study In terms of purpose, application and in terms of methodology is, descriptive – analytic. Research findings indicate that have inequality and differences between the Townships of this province in terms of development indicators. The results of using the taxonomy, a very important Townships in 5 levels have somewhat more deprived and very deprived placed first in three levels cities do not, And the city of Sahne, Kangavar, Paveh and Ghasreshirin in underserved Townships of Songhor, Harsin, Kermanshah, DALAHO Gilangharb, Islamabad Gharb, Ravansar, Javanrood, Sarpol Zahab and Salas Babajani in the level of very poor. Also the results show that 28.5% of the Townships in the level of poor and 5/71 percent were in the level of extremely poor. In the end some suggestions for improving the situation of poor areas were presented. Overall results indicate that relative deprivation and the cities require that planners and decision-makers to pay more attention to this area, especially the cities that are more indicators, too.

One of the new theories in urban planning and development is strategic planning and strategic thinking in future cities planning. In fact, addressing the future and planning is an integral part of the planning process, and in this framework, strategic planning, based on future studies and approaches such as scenarios, will shape the future for cities. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to develop the process of strategic planning for urban development is based on a scenario writing approach. In this study, a descriptive-analytic method (qualitative method) and a questionnaire for collecting data were used and to achieve the research goal, the oregon model was combined with a scenario writing approach. In this process, first, the main issues of the Qazvin city were examined in four areas of environmental, economic, social and physical, and then based on these issues, the future trends of Qazvin based on the Delphi technique was described. Subsequently, using scenario wizard software, the scenarios for probable scenarios and the superior scenario for the development of the Qazvin city were evaluated and selected. Based on the superior scenario (which has more synergy and more dependence than other scenarios), the prospect and future of the Qazvin city were drawn up and finally, strategies for macro and micro purposes were presented.

The axes associated with globalization and the factors contributing to the increase in international trade volume have raised many questions in macroeconomics. One of the most important issues discussed here is to examine the relationship between trade openness and macroeconomic variables such as inflation fluctuations. Trade liberalization is one of the most important tools of the process of globalization of the economy. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the degree of trade openness on stability and inflation (inflation fluctuations) in the countries selected during the period 2017-2000. For this purpose, panel data technique is used to estimate the research model. The results of the model estimation indicate that the variable of trade openness had a negative impact on inflation fluctuations. Therefore, the most important policy recommendation of this study is that macroeconomic policy makers in these countries reduce trade barriers and restrictions on imports and increase their share of world markets as exports increase. As the degree of trade openness increases, countries in the region will have an impact on world prices and markets and will remain immune from price changes. This will ultimately lead to the stabilization of the economic situation and other macroeconomic indicators, including inflation.

Security is directly related to development. Border regions are of key importance in ensuring the country's sustainable security. Therefore, identifying spatial-geographical differences, development in border areas that have caused injustice in these areas and creating security challenges are essential. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the development gap in the border areas of Taybad city as an obstacle to achieving sustainable security in border areas. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected by documentary method. The studied geographical area is Taybad city and the district analysis unit of this city. TOPSIS and VIKOR techniques were used to identify the degree of development and the Cv index was used to quantify developmental gaps. In this study, the degree of development was quantified by 51 indices in 9 dimensions. The software used was Excel and Gis. The results showed that Kerat village is the most favored district in the TOPSIS with di = 0.23 and Vikor with di = 0.23. Also the coefficient of variation of development level in TOPSIS model is 0.4 and in VICOR 0.5 which indicates the existence of development gap in the city level. Therefore, the spatial organization in this city is unstable and the findings of the study indicate a spatial imbalance in the level of development in the districts of the city of Taybad, which could hamper sustainable security in the area because of the high index areas. High-growth areas have higher security coefficients than more developed areas.

Abstract Regional planning aimed at creating development and reducing inequality is one of the key issues in developing countries. Regional planning requires regional identification of each other in terms of development. Reducing inequality in utilizing resources, achievements and facilities of the community is one of the most important development criteria. The purpose of this article is to analyze the spatial inequalities and determine the level of development of coastal areas in the north of the country. The type of research is based on the applied objective and based on the nature and method of descriptive-analytic. The method of collecting library and document information. In this research, multi-criteria decision making models (SAW TOPSIS) and ARC GIS software have been used. The results showed that Tonekabon, Sinkelk, Savadkouh, Rasht, Gorgan, Sari, Bandar Gaz, Rudbar, Gonbad-Kavoos, Fereydunkenar, Chalous, Babolsar and Ramsar cities are in the category of perfect cities and cities of Babol, Kurdoki, Bandar Anzali, Langroud, Lahijan, Azadshahr, Mahmoudabad, Minoodasht, Amol, Rudsar and Behshahr. In the relatively high level, the cities of Nour, Kalaleh, Masal, Aghghala, Turkmen, Aliabad, Fouman, Ramayan, Marahtepeh, Summersa, Neka and Astaneh are named. Also, the cities of Gomishan, Golghah, Ghaemshahr, Abbasabad, Amlash, Shafts, Astara, Talesh, Galicheh, Noshahr, Rezvanshahr and Miandorud were ranked among the most deprived cities. Since the difference between the fully-deprived and completely deprived areas is very large in terms of development, it is suggested that the deprived areas are the best solution for using short and short-term programs to resolve problems.

Zanjan is one of the oldest cities in our country that has undergone major changes in its original structure as a result of modern urbanism efforts. As a result of such actions, the market-which was previously considered to be the integral body of the city's economic and social backbone-was blown up by Ferdowsi Street and by transferring a large part of its business and economic activities to the streets of Ferdowsi, Sa'di, Pahlavi Its initial boom dropped. The results of this study indicated that the creation of new streets not only led to an increase in traffic and traffic on the main roadways of the texture, but also contributed to the degradation of the inner part of the old tissue by promoting the old and new category. Because, while inside the old fabric was not very worn out, the shops based on the crates of the new passage were attractive to the population. In addition, new trajectories have transformed the focal and central structure of the old fabric into a linear structure, and unlike traditional urban spaces that lack built-in and purely functional value, new structures created due to the expansion and development of passages were created by new entrants established Traffic-intensive travels have led to road traffic jams in the central part of the city. The research methodology is based on rational analysis and the required information is obtained through documentary and field studies.

Rural tourism due to its rapid development in developed and developing countries in recent decades has caused reconstruction and major changes in the environment and the host society. So the aim of this This study is development in based on objective, descriptive and survey in based on nature and causal-comparative and analytical in based on method. The Statistical Society Includes 14 tourism villages in Kermanshah Province and the sample size was estimated 370 Person based on the Cochran formula which were distributed relatively in Proportion to the population of villages. The data was gathered in library and field studies (questionnaire) method. Superficial validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Guidance study was conducted in the same region with a population of 30 questionnaire and reliability of the research questionnaire was obtained with Using a special formula Cronbach's alpha in software SPSS and obtained data. In order to Subject analysis was used of framework of the 6 index in the form of 50 items (security and material welfare, quality of housing, environmental health, quality of infrastructure and traffic, employment, income and education). The results of the analysis indicate that based on the Opinions expressed by the local society, tourism in all its dimensions has been a positive impact on quality of life and had most impact on the Security and material welfare index and least impact on the education index.

In this study, three types of Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC) and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) were used to estimate the tourism carrying capacity of natural areas. For this purpose, suitable recreational zones of Jirrande basin were identified, and then four points were selected from multiple areas by field study and considering easy access and landscape conditions. The zones 1, 2, 3 and 5 with an area of about 26043, 88415, 41533 and 35179 m2 were selected respectively and include 191170 m2. By calculating the physical Carrying capacity of all four studied zones, reception capacity of 86, 291, 137 and 116 tourists per day was determined. In total, the physical carrying capacity (PCC) of the four zones was estimated to be 229950 persons per year. Considering the effects of factors such as frost, snow and rainy days and extreme sunshine, the real carrying capacity (RCC) of these zones is 43.2, 146.2, 68.8 and 58.3 days, respectively. It was calculated that the four zones can accommodate 316 tourists daily. But the key issue in estimating carrying capacity is also the management issues and amenities for tourists that raise effective carrying capacity (ECC). Finally, the effective carrying capacity of zones 1, 2, 3 and 5 was 35, 117, 55 and 47 respectively, which is equivalent to 12775, 42705, 20075 and 17155 annually, and 92710 people can use these zones for tourism during the year.

Water is origin of life and important in many angels of human life including economic, social and cultural aspects. In dried and semi-dried area, the value of water is higher due to the heterogeneity in spatial and time distribution of rainfall. In Iran, area located in center and eastern of the country are faced to lack of water, causing imbalance between water source and water utilization and main further problems regarding sustainable development in these regions. Nowadays, attentions to underground waters is unavoidable due to the lack of rainfall, increases of concerns about digging the depth wells, extra exploitation and ignoring the water management and artificial nutrition of water sources. To this end, the present study was aimed to assay underground water sources of Yazd-Ardekan plain using AHP and GIS methods in order to determination of suitable water sources for exploitation. Our results showed that 59.35% equal to 725539 hec of Yazd-Ardekan plain have very good potential, 9.61% good, 9% medium, 17.74% low and 10% very low for water exploitation.

In addition to the differences of cultures, climates, lifestyles, and environmental issues, each geographical area is also diverse in its native dialect and language. In Rasht & Some’sarâ cities, which are located in the center and west of the province, people use their own dialect and local variation, which differ linguistically. This paper examines the relationship between geographical area and dialectical diversities in Guilaki dialect. The objective of this study is to show that there are dialectical diversities in different geographical areas. To this end, the data have been collected from Guilaki native speakers of these two cities. The current investigation has shown that the Western dialects are different from the Eastern ones. Thus, some dialectical variations regarding phonetics and phonology, grammatical or syntactic features have been observed in different geographical areas. Therefore, a geographical area as one of non-linguistic factors cause these diversities. However, Persian language as a standard and dominant language has a remarkable effect on these dialectical diversities.

Social participation is a prerequisite for development and without the participation of farmers, development will face problems. The importance and necessity of community participation is to the point that development without participation of stakeholders would not be sustainable. Considering the importance and necessity of participation, and in particular the importance of social participation in development projects, this study tries to evaluate and prioritize the most important factors reducing social participation in rural development activities in North Banajoye Rural district, Bonab. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the data required are collected by the questionnaire and field findings. The results are extracted using group AHP models to assess and prioritize the most important factors reducing social participation in the area. The results showed that among the factors social (0.058), educational (0.028), rural institutions (0.019), government agencies (0.016), economic (0.015) and legal (0.011) factors decrease in social participation, respectively. According to the results and using SWOT model and with more emphasis on social factors, different strategies and solutions are codified to overcome these barriers.