نشریه علوم و فناوری بذر ایران
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1392)

In order to investigate the effect of seed size onemergence percentage, seedling establishment and some quantitative characteristics of four Safflower genotypes, (Goldasht, Padideh, Mahalli Esfahan and Sina) and three sizes of seed (small: 2-3mm, large: andgt;3mm and control: no sorting) an experiment was conducted in the field of Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, during 2008-2009, located in Karaj. The seeds were planted in (4andtimes;3) factorial arrangement based onrandomized complete block design with three replications. The results expressed significant differences among cultivars for all traits except number of plant per plot, also significant differences observed among all sizes for whichcultivars Goldasht and Padideh for most of the traits were superior than other cultivars. According to mean comparison, large seeds with the highest amount of SEP (80.75%), 1000-SW (51.96g), Seed Yield (230.75g/m2 ) were superior compare to control and small seeds. Since Goldasht and Padideh were superior than other cultivars, also creating vigorous seedlings by large seeds, using cultivars with adequate food storage and selecting large seeds with more germination potential to obtain higher yield and good plant establishment recommended

In order to evaluate the effect of seed viability (germinability) on seedling field, seed cotton yielde and some related traits of commercial cotton cultivars, an experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at Seed and Plant Certification and Registration seed analysis laboratory and research field at Karaj. Seeds of Mehr, Varamin, Sahel and Bakhtegancotton cultivars produced in 2007 and 2008 with 70, 80 and 90 percent germinability tested by standard germination test in laboratory. Seeds planted in field as two factor factorial experiment by 12 treatments(4 cultivarandtimes;3 seed viability) based on complete randomized block design by four replicates. Then 19 traits including primary field emergence(PFE), final field emergence(FFE), field emergence rate(FER), cumulative emergence rate(CER), mean emergence time(MET), field emergence index(FEI), seedling primary height(SH1), seedling height in second sampling(SH2),seedling height in third sampling(SH3), seedling final height(SH4), primary seedling field vigour index(PSVIF) and final seedling field vigour index(FSVIF), vegetative and reproductive branches number, final plant height, boll number and seedcotton yield per hectare determined. The results indicatedthat over standard viability seeds had high field emergence index(FEI), seedling emergence rate(SER) and primary and final field emergence(FFE) and seedling height andprimary and final seedling vigoure index in field and therefore had better field emergence and establishment. Also seeds have over standard viability had lower plant final height and vegetative branches which stated those lower vegetative growth and had more reproductive branches, boll number and weight per plant and resultant seed cotton yield per hectare. Thereafter in order to reduce seed consumption rate to recommended amount generally based on this experiment results planting seeds have90 percent germination recommended.

This study did with the aim of investigating osmopriming effect on phonological characteristics and some germination features in hybrid Maize (Zea mays L. CV. Single cross 704 and 640). This was carried out with a factorial experiment in randomized completely block design with tree on four replications, in seeds field and lab research which performed in Mazandaran naturon resources and cultivation, modification plants group, 2010-2011 mordad, respectively. Treatments included seed of two kind maize (640 and 704) and seven polyethilen glycol solution with 5 and 10 percent densities, potassium nitrat with 0.5 and 1 percent densities and choloride potassium with 1 and 2 densities, water and control (with out priming). Seedling emergence percent, Seedling emergence rate , Established seedlings, Day number sowing to rise coleoptiles, Day number sowing to stage 4 and 8 leaf, Day number to emergence tasel, Day number to the end of milk stage achieved, Germination percent, Germination rate, Normal seedlings number, Mean daily germination,Germination rate indx, Mean time to germination and Vigor 2 index.However, none of characteristics from statistican point under numbers in fluence showed meaningful difference, but results indicated that more percent and maize dermination rate achieved respectively with priming by polyethilen glycol solution with 5 and 10 percent densities. Which, most established seedlings to rise coleoptile, days number sowing to stage 4 and 8 leaf, days number to emergence tasel resulted with priming by control (with out priming) and their lowest was for polyethilen glycol with 5 and 10 percent respectively. Also, most of days number to the end of milk stage achieved with priming by potassium nitrate and choloride with 0.5 1 and 2 percent respectively. Most percend and germination rate for hydropriming and control (with out priming) and most normal seedling number and mean daily germination for water and control were obtained. Maximum of germination rate index and mean daily germination for control prime (with out priming) and minimum of mean germination time with priming by potassium nitrat and choloride with 0.5 and 4 percent obtained and also maximum of vigour 2 index for hydropriming and it ,s minimum was achieved for potassium nitrate and cholorid priming solution with0.5 and 4 percent resulted. Hence, both field and lab situations statistically were not under interaction effect on variety andtimes; priming and they havenandrsquo;t meaningful difference.

In order to evaluate the effect of maize seed priming in germination and emergence stage in controlled condition, an experiment was conducted as factorial on the basis of completely randomized design with two maize hybrids (S.C.704 and Karaj 700) and six time of seeds dry back after 17 hours wetting (0,1.5,3,6,12 and 24 hours and control treatment (without priming)) with three replications. There were significant differences (Pandlt;%5) between two hybrids for most of the parameters, and germination and emergence of Karaj 700 was higher than S.C.704. Priming decreased mean germination time (MGT) of primed seeds to control and also mean germination rate (MGR) of seeds increased significantly. Seeds that 3 hours dried back had the highest MGR. Radicle and plumule length and radicle and plumule dry weight of primed seeds was higher than the control.Although priming had positive effects on characteristics such as decrease in MGT, increase in MGR, in length and dry weight of radicle and plumule, none of priming treatments had significant effects on grown plant characteristics in glasshouse.

In order to study effect of seed priming on seedling emergence and vigour of wheat cultivar ,experiment was conducted in laboratory seed and field ,in seed andamp; plant certification and registration Institute in 2009. Experimental design was a factorial based on completely randomized designs with four replication. Two cultivars (Azar-2,Sardare-101)andtimes; four priming media and control (un soaked) were used in this experiment. Seeds were primed for 12 hour and 20 ċ in four priming media , PEG 10%, KCl 2%, KH2PO4 0/5%, distilled water and control. In pot experiment seedling emergence percent, seedling leugth, primary root and shoot leuth, and sedling dry weight, primary root and shoot dry weight and mean seedling emergence rate and time and in tield experimcut seedling emergence percent and mean rate and time detemined. Result vevealed . The interaction among seed priming media andtimes;cultivar showed the significant effects on stem length , root dry weight ,stem dry weight and total dry weight (andalpha;= %1), seedling length and Mean Emergence Rate (andalpha;=5%). All of the priming media caused that seeds emergence rapidly in compare with control. In compare among seed priming, Maximum root dry weight, stem dry weight and total dry weight was obtained for seeds osmoprimed with KCl 2%.The most percent emergence, mean emergence rate and seedling length was obtained for seeds osmoprimed with PEG 10%.In field condition hydro priming improved the rate of germination . In compare among seed priming, the most percent emergence in field was obtained in PEG 10%.The interaction among seed priming , seed priming media andtimes;cultivar showed the significant effects on percent emergence. The most was observed in sardari-101andtimes; KCl 2% and PEG 10%andtimes;Azar-2.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different packages on oil rapeseed varieties produced in Qom province. The studied cultivars were RGS, Talaieh and Okapi and packaging cover types were three andndash;layer paper bag ,4-layer paper bag , propylene bag,propylene+paper and flaxen bag which was studied using factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The seed containing bags were stored in the ware house of agricultural and natural resources center of Qom province for 1 year and standard sampling of each treatment and replication was done at the end of the storage period then seeds germination was tested. Also electrical conductivity test ,average time for germination cold test and accelerated aging test have been conducted for estimating seed vigor. The results showed no significant difference between cultivars and cultivars reaction to the exerted treatments was the same, but seeds storage in the various bags had a significant effect on seed vigor as seeds in four layer and three layer paper bags had the most vigor and seeds in propylene bags and paper propylene bag had the least vigour.Also the results showed that various seed storing covers have significant effect on the average time of seeds germination ,electrical conductivity and vigor after cold test and accelerated aging test and in all cases three and four layer paper bags showed the best resulting. However propylene and paper propylene bags had more deteriorating effect on seed quality. Since in the warehouse the temperature had increased up to 45anddeg;c and air relative humidity up to 85% in some months of the year, and with considering that high temperature may accelerate the incidence of some hydraulic reactions and either seed deterioration, so the temperature has more effect on propylene and propylene paper bags.

Contamination of maize seed production fields by blacknightshade weed is one of the seed production problems in Moghan region. With attention to possible effect of black nightshade fruit extract on maize seed germination properties, effect of various fruit extract concentrations including; 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100% and control (seeds not soaked in black nightshade fruit extract) on maize (Single cross 704) seed germinability and vigor were evaluated. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with four replications. Studied characters consisted of: germinated seeds number two and three days after planting, normal and abnormal seedlings number, ungerminated seeds number, mean time to germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, mean daily germination, daily germination speed, seedling and primary shoot and root length, primary shoot and root fresh and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigour indices. The results showed that extract concentrations had not significant effect on germinated seeds number three days after planting, normal and abnormal seedlings number, ungerminated seeds number, mean daily germination and daily germination speed. While extract concentrations significantly increased germinated seeds number two days after planting, mean time to germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, seedling and primary shoot and root length, primary shoot and root fresh and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigor indices. By increasing of blacknightshade extractconcentration, most of the positive seed germination and seedling vigor indices increased

In order to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol on seed deterioration process of two sesamum cultivars Darab2 and Darab14,this study were carried out as a factorial experiment hn a randomized completedesign with three replication at seed laboratory of Agronomy and Plant Breeding department, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran (Karaj) during 2012-2013. First, germination characteristic measured and then seeds were aged through controlled deterioration test. Treatments including: two sesame cultivars; 2 levels of deterioration with controlled; and 6 concentrations of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol (50, 100, 150mg/lit for ascorbic acid and, 20, 40, 60mg/lit for alpha-tocopherol) with control. The measured characteristics, including: germination percentage (%), germination index (GI), mean germination time (MGT), vigor1 and vigor2. Vitamins treatments were applied to both pre-treatmentand post-treatment in two separate experiments were used. The result showed that seed deterioration in both level (24 and 48 hr) reduced seed traits Vitamin concentrations in two conditions pre-treatment and post-treatment, investigated characteristics for two cultivars improvement and prevailing deterioration had taken place. But, in pre-treatmentand with the vitamin concentration,allconcentration of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol at time deterioration of 24 hr had better results for two cultivars and not significantlywithcontrolled treatment (except for the concentration of 40 mg/liter alpha-tocopherol for Darab2).in pre-treatmentandcondition andat time deterioration of 48 hr, 150mg/liter ascorbic acid with germination percentage (%)=93/33, vigor1=645/8, vigor2=2/427 and GI=84/33 (for Darab2), and 100 mg/liter ascorbic acid with germination(%)= 80/67, vigor1=404/4, vigor2=2/313 and GI=55/33 (for Darab14) was the bestconcentration in this study.

A factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the laboratory, To evaluate the effect of priming on germination of wheat, and a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with four replications in Research Station of Ramin College of Agriculture and Natural Resources 2009-2010 was administered, To evaluate the effect of priming on establishment and yield of wheat.Two factors were examined, the first was cultivars, include: Star, Chamran, D-79-15 and Karkheh and the second was priming, including calcium chloride solution Osmopriming 1.25 MPa, hydropriming (12 hours) and the control.Laboratory results showed that the interaction between variety and priming on all germination characteristics was significant, and priming improved germination of wheat.Results also showed that priming in field conditions significantly improved seedling establishment, so hydropriming (95.68%) and the control treatment (81%) had highest and lowest percentage of emergence respectively.Average grain yield also showed that hydropriming (22.5 ton/hac) and control (03/4 ton/hac) had highest and lowest percentage of grain yield respectively.Generally, priming improved seedling characteristics and establishment, that result in fastest use of environmental resources, which finally increases seed yield.

In order to study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescensvarious strains on germination and seedling growth of Khazar cultivar and Hashemi landrace, an experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory of agriculture college of university of Guilan. In this experiment, rice seeds of Khazar cultivar and Hashemi landrace inoculated with strains 168, 93, 177, 136, 103, 169, 4. No inoculation treatment considered as control. Investigated characteristics were included radicle and shoot length, radicle wet weight, plumule wet weight, radicle dry weight, shoot dry weight, allometric coefficient, germination percentage, and germination speed and vigor index. Results showed seed inoculation with P.fluorescents strain 136 andP. fluorescents strain 168had the effect maximum on shoot dry weight, germination percentage, and germination speed and vigor index. Meanwhile, the minimum of these characteristics was related to seed inoculation with strains 83, 103, 4 and control; respectively. At the end of experiment, it was found thatPseudomonas fluorescensvarious strains improved rice seed germination that meanwhile strain 168 was better than the rest.