Immunoregulation
Volume:2 Issue: 1, Autumn 2018

Immunoregulation, in terms of disease and health status, occupies an extensive research domain. Following new discoveries in the fields of pathophysiology and molecular mechanism, and considering the comprehensive list of diseases including infectious, cancer, inflammatory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, gynaecological, dermatological, and pulmonary, one rarely finds a disease with no identified immune response role and the obvious footprint of molecular components of immune responses such as cytokines, inflammatory molecules, and antibodies. Consequently, molecules involved in immune responses are the main reason for the exploration and drafting of the effective diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for the majority of diseases. In most cases, the disease is associated with dysregulation of the immune response. Therefore, consideration of immunoregulation both in health status, for the maintenance of health and prevention of the disease, and in disease status, for relief from the disease and return to health, is crucially important....

Qualified and healthy lifestyle consists of extensive broad dimensions of physical health, resistance against diseases, fast recovery following disease, better social communications, flexibility in facing social problems, better education, better interactions, stress management, transcendental individual and social behavior, as well as morality. A variety of the contemporary academic studies and scientific findings secure emphases on the effects of environmental conditions and social policies on community mental function and cognitive proficiency related processes in healthy lifestyle formation.

One of the essential protection mechanisms of immune system is Treg cells which play an important role in maintenance of immune homeostasis. However, they may also inhibit immune functions against tumor cells. It has been reported that Treg cells are increased in patients suffering from different types of cancer. Increased number of Treg cells has been shown in tumor lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and tumor sites of patient with Colorectal Cancer (CRC). However, it is clear that Treg cells are increased in CRC patients, but the prognostic impact of Treg cells in CRC patients is a matter of debate. It seems that the function of these cells depend on the stage of CRC development. The aim of the present review article is to make an attempt to provide vision on the role of Treg in CRC. Finally, the potential approaches for the treatment of CRC are discussed.

Preeclampsia is one of the most common complications of pregnancy that occurs after the 20th weeks of pregnancy. The pathophysiology of this disease is not exactly known. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) and Nitric Oxide (NO) are the key regulatory factors secreted by Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the TGF-β and NO secretion by adipose-derived MSCs in normal and preeclamptic pregnant women.

The adipose tissues were collected from 10 preeclamptic patients and 10 age-matched normotensive controls at the time of cesarean section delivery. After isolation and expansion of MSCs, their capability of differentiation and immunophenotyping characteristics were assessed. Next, the release of TGF-ß was evaluated making use of ELISA sandwich method and Griess method was used to measure the level of NO.

Adipose derived MSCs in both groups were differentiated into osteocytes and adipocytes. The expression of CD90, CD73, CD44, and CD105 markers and lack of expression of CD-14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR markers in cells isolated from adipose in both groups was observed using flow cytometric analysis. The levels of TGF-ß secretion in preeclamptic women were significantly higher than those in control group, but the mean level of NO secreted by adipose derived MSCs did not significantly change in the two groups.

It can be concluded that significant increase in the secretion of TGF-β owing to MSCs in preeclamptic participants shows the importance of these cells in controlling immunological balance in these patients. Therefore, MSCs-based therapy seems to regulate TH1/Th2 balance in preeclampsia.

Many features of anticancer drugs, including cytotoxicity and/or cytokine induction, are studied using cell lines or human blood leukocytes. However, in a disease such as multiple myeloma, most cancerous cells are resided within bone marrow mononuclear cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of pomalidomide on apoptosis and IL-2 production of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with multiple myeloma and controls. The Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells from 10 multiple myeloma patients and 10 controls were cultured using pomalidomide for 48-hour. Apoptosis induction rate, viability, cytotoxicity, and IL-2 production were evaluated. The results showed that apoptosis and cytotoxicity significantly increased in bone marrow mononuclear cells of multiple myeloma patients cultured in the presence of pomalidomide (P The results of the current study confirmed the toxic effect of pomalidomide on bone marrow mononuclear cells of patients, with no toxic effect on controls. On the other hand, pomalidomide has the potential to increase IL2 production within bone marrow mononuclear cells and consequently make changes in the immune response, which requires further studies for more clarifications.

Little is known about pulmonary complications induced by Sulfur Mustard (SM), as a chemical warfare agent, especially considering its long term effects. The present study was carried out to investigate the association of α1-Antitrypsin (A1AT), Complement component C5a, and Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) with long-term pulmonary complications on SM-exposed individuals, 20 years after the exposure.

Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study (SICS) is a historical cohort study on 372 SM-exposed individuals and 128 age-matched unexposed participants. The clinical evaluations and Spirometry were performed on all the participants according to American Thoracic Society Criteria. Also, we assessed the salivary levels of A1AT, C5a, and sIgA using ELISA assay.

The results indicated significant associations between salivary levels of A1AT, C5a, and sIgA with chronic cough in the exposed victims. Also, there were associations between C5a and sIgA with dyspnea in SM-exposed victims with chronic cough compared with those in the exposed victims without chronic cough. The salivary levels of C5a significantly decreased in severe pulmonary involvement. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between the salivary levels of C5a and pulmonary function testes.

According to the findings, the salivary level of C5a might reflect the severity of pulmonary involvements following SM exposure. A1AT, as a protective agent, has correlations with cough and dyspnea. Although no strong correlation was found between the salivary levels of these factors with persistence of pulmonary complications, they can be effective in the development and progression of pathological changes in the lungs of the SM-exposed victims.

Macrophages activation is the important anti-leishmania immune response. Different signals could affect macrophages development and functional activation. In the present study, we compared the effect of Leishmania Soluble Antigen (LSA) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on peritoneal macrophage responses. Appropriate activation of macrophages depends on the signals they receive from pathogens and their different functional differentiation is crucial for anti-leishmania effects of macrophages. In order to assay C57BL/6 mice macrophage function after LPS or LSA treatment, we measured phagocytic activity, cytokine pattern, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production by macrophages. Phase contrast microscopy showed that LPS-treated macrophages became more granular and spindle-shaped and similar to untreated macrophages, LSA-treated cells displayed round and spindle-shaped morphology. In addition, Nitric oxide assay and cytokine analysis showed that IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α production was significantly reduced in LSA-treated macrophages in comparison with LPS-stimulated cells. It was also found that LSA-treated macrophages represented an anti-inflammatory phenotype compared with LPS-treated macrophages. This anti-inflammatory phenotype was related to increase in IL-10/TNF- α production of LSA-treated macrophages and there was no difference in the amount of TGF-β between LSA- and LPS-treated groups.

Aloes have been used as medicinal plants for centuries. The immunomodulatory effect of Aloe vera has previously been shown. Meanwhile, TNF-α, as an inflammatory cytokine, plays an essential role in defense against invading pathogen. In the present study, the effects of A. vera extract gel and its fractions were investigated on the TNF-α production by macrophages against Candida albicans as an opportunistic microorganism in humans. TNF-α was measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Biosource, Switzerland). The results showed that TNF-α level was increased by A. vera gel extract and some isolated fractions dose dependently. The A. vera gel extract in dilutions of 1:2, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:50 significantly increased the production of TNF-α. Likewise, R100 and R30 fractions of A. vera caused significant increase in TNF-α production. However, R10 and R5 fractions caused a reduction in TNF-α production as compared with that in control group. These results showed that A. vera gel extracts and its fractions induce both immunostimulating and immunosuprressive effects on the production of TNF-α against Candida albicans. The efficacy of immunomodulatory of this herb is dose-dependent.

The intrinsic heterogeneity determination in Brucella Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is important for explaining its chemical nature and biological behavior. This is significant for practical purposes, since LPS is the most relevant antigen during infection and vaccination. The purpose of the present study was to compare biochemical and immunological differences of LPS and lipid A in three strains of Brucella: B. melitensis (virulent strain), B. melitensis (vaccine strain, Rev1), and B. abortus (vaccine strain, S19). LPSs were extracted from Brucella strains using hot phenol-water method, and lipid A was obtained through mild acid hydrolysis. Glycan, phosphate, KDO, and protein concentration were evaluated in both LPS and lipid A samples. Immunological effects of Brucella LPS and lipid A were investigated measuring mitogenesis, IL-6, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production. LPS and lipid A of B. melitensis have more glycan, KDO, protein, and phosphate compared with B. abortus. Different species of Brucella LPS and lipid A induced NO production in a time- and dose-dependent manner via J774A.1 cells. One μg/ml LPS extracted from different strains of Brucella can induce maximum NO production. However, lipid A from S19 cannot induce NO and lipid A from B. melitensis induces NO production in higher doses of KDO than its LPS. Maximal production of IL-6 and higher mitogenic index in human lymphocytes was observed by Rev1 LPS. Regarding the diverse biochemical and immunostimulatory properties of LPS and lipid A, these strains of Brucella can be used potentially for different approaches, such as designing subunit brucellosis vaccines or effective adjuvants. For instance, LPS from B. abortus, as an effective and safe adjuvant due to its less toxicity, and Rev1 LPS, as subunit vaccines in developing anti-Brucella vaccines due to its high immunopotency, have been applied in several studies.