Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:3 Issue: 3, Summer 2016

In this study, using the phenotypic and genotypic methods, oxacillin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains isolated from patients at two government hospitals in Ilam, Iran was tested.

Out of 200 S. aureus isolates from different human clinical specimens consisting of blood (31%), wound (20%), urine (21%), catheters (7%), sputum (12%), others (9%) were collected. The methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates were investigated using disk diffusion methods and oxacillin (1μg) and cefoxitin (30μg), on Mueller-Hinton agar were used, and MecA and vanA genes were detected by PCR. In addition, the isolates were tested for their antibiogram profiles.

Among 200 S. aureus strains included in this study, 35.96% were MRSA. The percentage of resistance by disk diffusion method was as below: penicillin 85.96%, vancomycin 0%, ampicillin 87.71%, gentamicin 48.25% erythromycin 54.25%, clindamycin 32.45%, amikacin 21.05%, ciprofloxacin 42.10%, tetracycline 51.75% and co-trimoxazole 42.10%. Phenotyping method by disk diffusion method using oxacillin and cefoxitin for detecting of MRSA showed sensitivity and specificity of about 33.33% and 35.96%, respectively. Presence of MecA and vanA genes in MRSA isolates by PCR were 35.96% and 0%, respectively. The oxacillin and cefoxitin disk diffusion methods showed 92.68% and 100% sensitivity, respectively, and 98.8% specificity.

Our finding showed that, the cefoxitin disk diffusion method is better in compared to the oxacillin disk diffusion similar to results from detecting of MecA gene in PCR as a golden test.

Today, with development of various industries, the adverse events originated from explosion and emission of toxic and chemical substances have increased. These events may cause serious environmental problems that threaten human health and safety. Therefore, knowledge about the risk of toxic substances from industrial facilities is essential. Although, chlorine is extensively utilized in water treatment as a disinfectant and some chemical processes as an oxidizing agent, it can lead to some concerns in environmental issues.

In this study, distribution of chlorine in the water supply of Eyvan city from Ilam province, Iran, and its surrounding areas is evaluated and high-risk regions are defined by Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST) specialized software.

The modeling results showed that the cloud of chlorine is about 1220 m across just downwind of the release for the first scenario (rupture of a chlorine vessel) in the summer; however, the probability of fatality is 100 % in a whole year in a distance of 40 m from the vessel. For the second scenario (rupture of pipeline including the chlorine gas) the human death mostly occurs in a distance of 25 m from the pipeline with the probability of 2.8 % in the summer due to low rate of released gas.

As an important result, the land around the chlorination unit covering a distance of approximately 1220 m is vulnerable and risk prevention in that region should be accounted for.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of a 6-week supplemented diet on increasing bone density by measuring calcium, phosphorus and bone mineral density (BMD) in male rats.

In this experimental study, 24 Wistar male rats, aged between 15 and 20 days, were selected. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: immune system supplement (ISS), ISS plus exercise and control. Daily swimming was performed by time-increasing (starting from ten minutes and ten minutes was added each day and was fixed at sixty minutes). Supplements strengthening the immune system containing calcium and phosphorus were given to rats (5g/kg/day). After six weeks, BMD was measured using bone densitometer. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine and blood samples were gathered in order to separate their serum. The serum samples were used to measure calcium, phosphorus by the ELISA method.

The results showed that in both groups (ISS plus exercise and ISS), BMD was higher than the control group. The highest level of calcium, phosphorus and BMD was seen in the group whose members were ISS plus exercise group. In contrast, the least amount of the mentioned markers was reported in the control group.

The results indicate a small but positive effect of ISS on whole body BMD in male rat; also results indicate the combination of exercise and proper nutrition was more effective on increasing the bone density in comparison with the proper nutrition sedentary group.

Corrosion and scaling of water in distribution systems in spite of imposing economic and aesthetic problems can lead to adverse effects on consumers' health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the corrosion and scaling of water distribution system of Sarableh city (Ilam, Iran) during summer and winter seasons in 2014.

Totally, 60 samples of water (30 samples in each season) in 30 points of the distribution system were analyzed in terms of temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity, TDS (total dissolved solids), pH, and DO (dissolved oxygen). Then, the corrosion and scaling of water were determined by various indices.

The results of the indices showed that the quality of drinking water in Sarableh city water distribution system had a medium corrosion rate.

According to the results, it is needed to take some measures for stabilizing water before entering drinking water into the distribution system in order to prevent various health problems for consumers.

Over twenty developed and developing countries have regions with endemic floursis, on the other hand tooth decay as an infectious disease in human societies is reported to occur due to the shortage of fluoride in water. Since decayed, missing, and filled teeth DMFT is considered a 52 -character indicator in health equity, the present research aims at studying the relationship between the concentration of fluoride and other variables such as location, parents’ employments, visiting dentist, tooth brushing, and using mouth washes with DMFT index in Haji Abad, Hormozgan.

This is a descriptive-analytical study. Where the population included 12-14 year old students from Haji Abad, Iran. The sample size of 336 subjects obtained using the calculation method of descriptive samples in the finite population situation and considering the coefficient interval of 95%.They were measured using SPADNS method The samples were conducted in triplicates and the average values were considered.Then the measured samples were coded using SPSS16 software and finally the coefficient correlation test as well as regression analysis was carried out.

DMFT index was the average of 1.4±0.53 and the concentration of fluoride was the average of 0.82±0.29 In the present study, the coefficient value between fluoride concentration and DMFT was equal to 0.929 (Pierson correlation coefficient P<0.001).The study showed that the variables such as location, parents’ employments, visiting dentist, tooth brushing, and using mouth washes has a significant relation with DMFT index.

The study showed that there was a direct relationship between concentration of Fluoride and DMFT; meaning that with the increase of fluoride DMFT increases. It occurs due to underlying variables such as location, parents’ employments, visiting dentist, tooth brushing, and using mouth washes which have a significant relation with DMFT and caused the water role faded in this region.

Hospitals are the best ground for providing health promotion and prevention services besides health care services. This study aimed to determine the impact of establishing standards of health promoting hospitals on hospitals' indicators in one of the public hospitals of Iran.

This research was a case-control study that included Fatemieh (case group) and Khatam-Al-Anbia (control group) hospitals. The standards of health promoting hospitals were established as independent variables in the case hospital. The collected data were related to the indicators of neonatal mortality, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), patient satisfaction and patient education in both hospitals in the second half of 1391(2012-2013) and the first half of 1392(2013). Then, SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data through Chi-Square and t tests and the results were displayed as comparing tables.

With regard to establishing standards of health promoting hospitals in the case hospital the total score of these standards was 72.26±4.1. The results indicated that establishing health promoting standards did not affect the neonatal mortality rate while it significantly affected success of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, patient satisfaction and the mean scores of patient education (P=0.001).

Preliminary results after establishing standards of health promoting hospitals represented positive effects in the case hospital and these standards led to improvement of some indicators.

There are general concerns about the hazardous impacts of the cell phones radiation on the human health. In this study, the structural and biochemical changes of the mice kidney were assessed after cell phone exposure in.

A total of 40 Balb/C mice were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. The experimental group exposed to cell phone devices with a carrier frequency of 915 MHz, for 4 h a day during 60 consecutive days. After mobile phone exposure, the blood samples and also the renal tissues were taken out for histological and biochemical examinations.

The histological results revealed no light microscopic changes in the kidneys between two groups. Necrosis of the renal tubules epithelium was seen in some of the the sections belonging to the both control and experimental groups. Also, in the mice exposed to cell phone fields, the serum levels of creatinine, urea, chloride and total protein were not significantly altered. Although the serum levels of sodium and bicarbonate showed a significant increase, but the activity of alkaline phosphatase revealed no significant changes in comparison with control group. In addition, there are no morphometric, ultra-structural or light microscopic changes in the kidneys between two groups. In the treated animals; the mitochondria were often deformed in the shape and the cytoplasm of the renal tubules was folded in an abnormal manner.

Based on the study, it could conclude that there is no toxic effect on the mice kidneys after exposure to cell phone radiation.

Resistance of pathogenic organisms to countenance antibiotics has become a worldwide problem with serious consequences on the treatment of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance and also the detection of transferred antibiotic resistance by plasmid in clinical Proteus isolates.

A total of 250 urine samples were collected from patient suffered from urinary tract infection (UTI), and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey's agar. Positive cultures were diagnosed by routine microbiological and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated by agar dilution method, and also antibiotic resistance mediated by plasmid was determined using transformation of plasmids to plasmid free Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as competent cell.

Among 200 samples, 120 samples (60%) were collected from female and 80 samples (40%) were isolated from males. Out of 25 species (12.5%) were diagnosed as Proteus. Al isolates were resistant to ampicillin (maximum frequency), only 16% of isolates were resistance to amikacin (minimum resistance). Totally, 66.66% of Proteus isolates harbored plasmids. All plasmid containing P. mirabilis isolates were able to transferred resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, while rate of resistance to other antibiotics were as amikacin (88%), gentamycin (72%), tetracycline (50%), tobramycin (48%), ceftazidime, cefotaxime (32%) and ciprofloxacin (22%).

Widespread use of antibiotics cause to spread or emerge antibiotic resistances among bacteria by R–plasmids transfer.