Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Summer 2019

A remarkable growing effort has been conducted by several researchers to fabricate food packaging materials which are able to protect foodstuffs and enhance their shelf-life from food-borne pathogens and fungal attack which causes great damage to the food industries. Recent studies has focused on the potential applications of nano-metal oxides in food packaging area.

This study reviews the latest trends and research results concerning the application of chitosan films containing some important nano-metal oxides as appropriate materials for food applications.

Nano-metal oxides including zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon dioxide, and silica are the most common nano-metal oxides that incorporated into the chitosan film for improving its antimicrobial, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties.

The reviewed nano-metal oxides may have positive implications for food industries, particularly in the area of food packaging based on nanoparticles to improve the physic-mechanical properties and also quality shelf-life parameters of foodstuffs.

Numerous Scientists have discovered the procedure of nanotechnology, explicitlynanofibers, asdrug delivery systems for transdermal uses. Nanofibers canbe used to deliver drugs and are capable of controlled release for a continued periodof time. Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) is the lastly interesting employed synthetic polymer in biomedical application owing to its well categorized biodegradable properties. PLA(−[CH(CH3)COO]n–)is linear biodegradable aliphatic polyester which can be derived from 100% renewable bioresources like rice and wheatthrough fermentation and polymerization. PLA has been accepted by FDA to be applied in biomaterials, such as sutures, bone plates, abdominal mesh, and drug delivery systems. PLA holds stereoisomers,for instancePoly(L-Lactide)(PLLA), Poly(D-Lactide) (PDLA), and Poly(DL-Lactide) (PDLLA). PLGA is a copolymer of PLA and Poly(Glycolic Acid) (PGA) that are most usually used biodegradable synthetic polymers for biomedical applications such as scaffolds and drug delivery systems The objective of this review paper is to highpoint the possibility of PLA nanofibres as drug deliverysubstances and to give full information about the newprogresses about the PLA , PLLA and PLGA nanofibers fabrication as noveldrug delivery systems.

In recent years, the adaptation of tissue engineering techniques is necessary to progress the field of cardio-vascular bio-logy and advancing patient care.  Through the high event of cardio-vascular disease and increasing amount of patients needing vascular admission, there is a considerable require for small-diameter.

Quince seed mucilage (QSM) serves as a new source of hydrocolloid which extracted from outer pericarp of Cydonia oblonga seeds upon wetting. It has been traditionally used for the treatment of diseases such as pharyngeal disorder, common cold, colic ulcer, and diarrhea. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physico-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of quince seed mucilage supplemented with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles.

The antimicrobial property of designated QSM against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was determined using agar disk diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays. Thickness, tensile strength (TS), puncture force (PF), puncture deformation (PD), swelling index (SI), and color of active QSMs were evaluated using analytical instruments.

The films containing TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles exhibited good antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7 ranged 0.82-6.88 mm and -2.78 - -0.28 log differences in population (DP) regarding agar disk diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays, respectively. The presented values, including TS, PF, and PD of QSM films, were in the ranges of 22.45-35.81 MPa, 10.42-15.49 N, and 15.53-18.45 mm, respectively.

Application of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles greatly improved the antimicrobial and physico-mechanical properties of the prepared films.

As a rapidly-evolving global technology, nanotechnology has presumably brought drastic changes to our lives in the past two decades using engineered nanoparticles, whose penetration into industrial and non-industrial wastewater requires examination of their probable effects in aquatic ecosystems. The main objective of this work is to study the toxicological and biological effects of nanomaterials. Experiments on exposure of Dunaliella salina to SiO2 nanoparticles were performed for 72 hours with 7 treatments, two controls and three replicates were in each treatment and daily counting of cells was done in each tube. After extraction, chlorophyll a and carotenoid were measured using spectrophotometry method. Imaging of nanoparticles encountering algae cells was performed using cell imaging method by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The population growth rate alterations were evaluated. Probit analysis and softwares such as Excel and SPSS21 were used for data analysis. After exposure to SiO2 NPs, a significant difference was observed between chlorophyll a and carotenoid compared with control (p<0.05) and also carotenoid content was decreased with increasing the concentration in treatments and a significant difference was observed (P <0.05). Also, SiO2 NPs caused to inhibit growth in Dunaliella species.

Copper nano particles are added to ordinary engine oil as an additive to reduce friction and repair damaged surface under friction conditions. However, it is still unclear what environmental effects such a compound might have on conventional engine oils and its toxicity in different animal species has not been determined. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of short-term exposure of large amounts of nano sized particle-enriched engine oil to transcutaneous animal model on earthworms in order to evaluate its hazards in human contact.

Screening test (filter paper contact test) involves applying earthworms on the paper to identify potentially toxic chemicals in the soil for earthworms, and artificial soil testing involves holding earthworms in samples of predefined and precise soil. In both tests a range of different concentrations is used. In artificial soil testing the results of loss is obtained 7 and 14 days after the experiment. In the flat paper test the losses are checked 24 and 48 hours or if required up to 72 hours later.

The lethality rate of the engine oil used at a concentration of 1.25 ml or higher was obtained from fresh engine oil containing nano-copper at 24 Hours and 48 was significantly higher (p <0.001).

The toxicity of a new engine oil is higher than that of a new engine oil containing copper nanoparticles, but in the case of used engine oil, the toxicity of nano-oil is higher than that of conventional oil.

Nanocomposite active packaging systems were used to prepare antimicrobial and antifungal properties. This study was to investigate the physical and antimicrobial activity of prepared films against three types of aflatoxin producing fungi Aspergillus Flavus. For investigating the effect of antibacterial nano-covers, the direct contact of 0, 1%, 3% and 5% zinc oxide nanoparticles was contaminated with standard strains of three types of Aspergillus Flavus (PTCC 5004), Aspergillus Parasiticus (PTCC 5286) and Aspergillus Parasiticus (PTCC5018) provided. Pistachios were coated by edible films then peroxid index gradient were measured during the time for coating Pistachios containing different concentrations of 0, 1 and 3% of “nano-ZnO”. Then coating pistachios were preserved inside sealed Polyethylene bags for six months and the effect of preventing fungal growth during the time were investigated. The study of antifungal properties of films on three Aspergillus spp. showed that all four percent of nano zinc oxides in this study has inhibitory effect by increasing the percentage of nano-materials significantly (P <0.05). Poly lactic acid edible films Containing 5% nanoparticles has appropriate coating with anti-oxidation agent. Nano-coating Pistachios were observed any growth of mold, however, growth was observed in all control samples. Poly lactic acid films containing nano-zinc oxide show a high potential for antifungal pistachios packaging applications to enhance the shelf life of this products.

The study of core-shell magnetic nanoparticles has a wide range of applications because of the unique combination of the nanoscale magnetic core and the functional shell. Characterization and application of one important class of core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), i.e., iron oxide core (Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3) with a silica shell and outer of gold (Fe3O4-SiO2@Gold (FSG)) in Boron Neutrons Capture Therapy (BNCT) highlighted. The main problem dealing with cancer cells is that the tumor and normal cells ones are mixed without a map of the boron accumulation. Areas specifically discussed in this report include the possibility of a FSG mediated by liposome as the boron carriers for the transfer of boron compound to tumor tissue. Furthermore, folate receptor was considered as an appropriate substrate that has great potential to attach to tumor on the surface of cancer cells. The present work aimed to study boron biodistribution in the muscle cancer animal model in Bagg Albino (BALB/c) mice employing PEGylated liposome-encapsulated FSG formulations. The predetermined boron concentration was obtained to be 20-35 mg 10B/g. Samples of the tumor tissue, such as kidney, liver, lung, heart, skin, spleen, brain, stomach, and bone were taken as post-administration at different times to measure boron content by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis. The results showed the existence of GLUT-5 expression as an erythrocyte-type glucose transporter protein in a wide variety of tumor cells. Fe3O4-SiO2 nanoparticles are highly biocompatible with biological materials and gold shell also imparts the magnetic nanoparticles with many intriguing functional properties.