Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Autumn 2023

Nanotechnology is applied in many scientific domains because it provides a variety of practical answers to scientific and medical problems. This systematic literature review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method to analyze nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHGs) in dentistry. Based on the results of a literature review study on 40 articles, NCHGs have the potential for antibacterial agents, tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, dental materials, etc. The present review aims to provide a depth analysis of NCHGs, impart on the recent advancement in the scope of dentistry, and discuss their applications. Understanding of the principles of NCHGs, their strengths and limitations as well as their specific benefits.

Nanotechnology offers several opportunities to improve conventional drugs to avoid issues that pharmaceutical industries are facing nowadays. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs have been found to be more readily soluble in mixed polymer nanohydrogels, which improves their solubility in solution. An attempt has been made in the present study to enhance the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics by making nanoformulation using mixed polymer nanohydrogels derived from natural polymers sodium alginate and chitosan. As a consequence, this formulation permitted amoxicillin (MOX) to be entrapped in alginate hydrogels and, in addition, chitosan-induced cationic charges on the surface of nanoparticles. Physicochemical characterizations and swelling properties, encapsulation efficiency, MOX release profile at different pH, and MTT assay to establish the toxicity of synthesized nanocomposite were investigated.   There was a significant improvement in the effectiveness of the encapsulated drug amoxicillin against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli compared to the aqueous solution of the drug. It has been calculated that the encapsulation efficiency was approximately 64% by spectrophotometry, and antibiotic sensitivity tests in the presence of Gram-negative bacteria have shown that the encapsulated drug within nanohydrogels has superior antibacterial efficacy against them. This formulation with cationic surface charge may be a superior alternative to inactivate beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria than the standard medications available.

The world of dentistry is constantly evolving, and with the advent of 3D printing technology, the possibilities are endless. However, little is known about the effects of adding ZrO2 NPs to the denture base resin of 3D additive manufacturing technique.Aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of resin which is used to 3D printing of denture base with the addition of ZrO2 NPs on denture adaptation property and diametral compression strength. 60 samples were printed, 30 disks for diametral compressive test and 30 denture base for denture adaptation test. Three groups per test (n=10). The control group for each test included unreinforced 3Dprinted denture base resin, and the other groups were  reinforced with (2&3%) nanoZrO2; diametral compressive strength was evaluated using universal compressive testing machine, while denture adaptation was evaluated by exocad software program. the study reveals significant difference in both diametral compressive strength and denture adaptation of the 3Dprinted denture base resin after adding nanoZrO2, as denture adaptation increased; the mean of diametral compression was decreasing with 2%&3% percent of ZrO2 NPs. addition of Zro2 NPs to 3D printed denture base resin may help in improving the material behavior as concerning mechanical and adaptation properties.

In recent years, Tin has been used in coating of medical and orthopedic instruments, probes, alignment devices, implants and surgical cutting tools. This study examines the electrodeposition of nano tin film on several substrates, including brass, copper, and mild steel, while using a ChCl: EG-based liquid which also contained boric acid. It was found that adding larger amounts of boric acid improved the conductivities of Sn electrolytes; when boric acid was introduced to them, the redox current peaks of Sn decreased with increasing concentrations of boric acid and displayed negative shifts in the deposition peak when performing cyclic voltammetry. SEM was involved to examine the morphologies of Sn deposits. Boric acid was found to improve the homogeneity of the morphologies of the deposited Sn films, leading to the formation of smooth Sn coatings, the associated roughness of which was determined to be 7.642 nm. The Sn deposits' crystal structure was investigated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exosomes derived from dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs) on the viability of odontoblast cells. Exosomes were extracted from human DPSC cells via ultracentrifugation. Scanning electron microscopy and western blot analysis for CD9 and CD81 demonstrated characteristics of exosomes. Developing odontoblasts were exposed to increasing concentrations of exosomes (10-400 ng/ml) over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assays. In addition, real-time PCR was used to assess expression levels of Wnt, beta-catenin, PI3K, Akt, Bcl-2, and Bax in cells after 24-96 hours of exposure to 100 and 400 ng/ml exosomes. Odontoblast viability was found to be enhanced by DPSC-derived exosomes, with greater impacts at higher concentrations and time periods of 72-96 hours. Expression of PI3K, AKT, Wnt, beta-catenin, and Bcl-2 were notably upregulated in odontoblasts following 96 hours of DPSC-exosome treatment. Conversely, Bax expression was significantly downregulated. These findings suggest DPSC-exosomes promote odontoblast survival through modulated expression of genes involved in key survival pathways over extended exposure periods. Our findings demonstrated that exosomes derived from DPSC cells possess innate nanoparticle properties, leading to enhanced survival of odontoblast cells. This effect is achieved through the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin and P3K/AKT signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is a safe and cost-effective process for creating nanoparticles using extracts from different parts of plants, such as flowers, leaves, stems, and roots. In this research, Melissa Officinalis L. (MO) aqueous extract was used for the synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) for the first time. These extracts contain flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, which act as reducing agents in synthesizing nanoparticles. In this study, the extract serves both as a reducing agent and a capping agent during the fast and simple green synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles was investigated by using DLS. Further characterization of the shape and size of the nanoparticles was conducted through SEM and TEM studies. Moreover, the elemental composition of the NPs was identified through Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis. Microscopy analysis results showed that the Se NPs had a spherical shape. Furthermore, the particle size was determined to be 65 nm and 34 nm via DLS and SEM studies, respectively. Additionally, the biological evaluation of Se NPs demonstrated a non-toxic effect on the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) normal cell line and anticancer activity on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

Gold nanoparticles possess attractive properties that make them valuable in medicine. Recently, green synthesis of nanoparticles has been a target of research due to its simplicity, safety, eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. This study describes the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles via aqueous extract of Melissa officinalis L. (Mel). The various parameters affecting the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (pH, gold salt concentration, extract volume, temperature, and reaction time) were investigated and optimized. Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometry, Dynamic light scattering, Transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to characterize synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNP-Mel). The antioxidant activity of Mel extract and GNP-Mel was performed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test. The effect of GNP-Mel on cell viability of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes was evaluated using Alamar blue assay. The results indicated uniform spherical-shaped gold nanoparticles with an average particle size of 8 nm and a zeta potential value of -31.7 mV, which demonstrates the high stability of GNP-Mel. The Mel extract and GNP-Mel showed the highest antioxidant activity with percentages of 77.69 ± 1.18% and 59.64 ± 1.29% at a maximum concentration (of 100 μg/ml), respectively, which can be compared with Vitamin C (89.34 ± 1.34%). Moreover, the result of Alamar blue assay represented a higher than 80% cell viability in the presence of 20, and 50 μg/ml of GNP-Mel and likewise, a higher than 50% cell viability in the presence of 100 and 170 μg/ml of GNP-Mel. Overall, the findings show that the green synthesized gold nanoparticles are appropriate candidates for biomedical applications.

A recent study conducted using density functional theory computations has shed light on the potential use of B12N12 and Al12N12 nanoclusters as adsorbents and sensing materials for the removal and electrochemical detection of norfloxacin (NFX). The results of the study indicated that both B12N12 and Al12N12 nanoclusters are feasible options for the removal of NFX, with B12N12 being more suitable as an adsorbent and Al12N12 being a better option as a sensing material for electrochemical detection. The thermodynamic parameters of the study showed that NFX adsorption on B12N12 is a spontaneous, exothermic, and one-sided process, while its interaction with Al12N12 is thermodynamically possible, two-sided, and equilibrium. The calculated frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis also revealed that both nanoclusters experienced a decrease in bandgap, with Al12N12 experiencing a sharper decline, indicating its suitability as a sensing material. Furthermore, the study found that NFX adsorption on the surface of both nanoadsorbents is more favorable at lower temperatures. This finding provides valuable insights into the potential use of these nanoclusters in NFX removal and electrochemical detection.

Although damaged peripheral nerves have the ability to repair, axon regeneration proceeds slowly and often poor functional results are observed. Many methods are used to repair peripheral nerve lesions, but very few have demonstrated clinical success. Hence, the intention of the present study was to explore the regenerative outcomes of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles coated with sumac on rat sciatic nerve injury. Forty male Wistar rats were separated into four groups: the sham group (surgery without damage to the nerve), the negative control (nerve compression without nanoparticle injection), the experimental group 1 (nerve compression given 10 mg/kg dose of drug), and the experimental group 2 (nerve compression given 20 mg/kg dose of drug). The sciatic nerve was then compressed one centimeter above the point where it splits into three branches, tissue and muscle sections were examined in addition to foot print and hot plate tests. When compared to the negative control group, the speed of recovery and restoration of sensory and motor neuron function was significantly faster in groups treated with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles coated with sumac.  Injection of cobalt ferrite nanoparticle coated with sumac increases the speed of repair of peripheral nerve damage in rats.

In the present study, Fabrication and modeling of nanocomposites with bioceramic nanoparticles for rapid wound healing with (0wt. %, 5wt. %, 10wt. %, 15wt. % NPs) were investigated. After the fabrication of nanocomposites using the freeze-drying technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD) test is performed to show the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite and titanium oxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests are performed to demonstrate the morphology of the structure, atomic force microscope (AFM) test is performed to show surface roughness and pores. Finally by placing nano scaffolds in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days, their weight and pH changes are measured. Then, by performing the tensile test, the results related to the tensile strength of the scaffolds are examined. In this paper, the sum of mechanical and physical laboratory results are compared with the results obtained by molecular dynamics simulation (MDs). The results show that with the increase of titanium nanoparticles, the physical and mechanical properties, as well as the healing properties of the wound dressing, have increased significantly. Also, the comparison of laboratory results and MDs results determine the accuracy of this method. Therefore fabricating these nanocomposites helps a lot for rapid wound healing.