Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter 2019

Nowadays the application of nanotechnology in different biomedical fields such as drug delivery is increasing due to its unique advantages. With this in mind, it is widely believed that nanogels as the nanometer-sized networked polymeric particles have a considerable impact on drug delivery systems as biocompatible nanocarriers due to their unique characteristics such as high loading capacity, sustainability and so on. The nanogels have the three-dimensional constructions containing the hydrophilic or hydrophilic polymeric chains that they can physically or chemically absorb a large amount of water without their dissolving within water so that polymer structure is reversible as well as the capability of swelling. These nanomaterials are made using polymeric precursors and heterogeneous polymerization monomers, and recently some researchers have reported the networked nanogels based on optical processes. In this review, we will try to address methods to synthesize the nanogels as well as study their applications as drug delivery systems with examples of pharmaceutical systems.

Polymeric nanofiber has a huge potential for a various biomedical applications such as wound healing and orthopedic implant. Since most of the future applications of therapeutic nanofiber are interacting with human blood components, it is important to investigate hemocompatibility.

In this study, nanofibers with antibacterial properties were synthesizedby electrospun of polymeric composite of chitosan (CS), poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and vancomycin (vanco). The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, antibacterial and hemolysis tests of nanofiber were evaluated. The kinetic and drug release mechanism of drug loaded electrospun samples were also investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the appropriate model was proposed for prediction of drug release.

The surface morphology of a composite nanofiber indicated that the nanofiber is flat and smooth. The results of antibacterial tests showed that prepared nanofiber has antibacterial properties against of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Hemolysis test indicate that this nanofiber has non hemolytic impact on red blood cells (RBCs). The model of antibiotic release from the nanofiber was examined and it was found that the release mechanism can be described as Fickian diffusion model. According to this model, the kinetic degree of the drug release is around 0.38.

Infections and pathophysiological factors cause delayed healing of wound healing. Therefore, using antibacterial nanofibers for elimination of antibacterial infection from wounds, accelerate wound healing.

Silver-cobalt nanoparticles are used in medicine. In this study, the effects of silver-cobalt nanoparticles on functional tests and liver tissue changes in adult male rats were investigated. 28 adult male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were divided into 4 groups of 7. Control group, Experimental group1 received 25mg / kg of silver-cobalt nanoparticles (AgCo NPs) in which silver nanoparticle (Ag NPs) were synthesized during 75 seconds intraperitoneally for 14 days. Experimental group 2 received 100 mg / kg of AgCo NPs in which Ag NPs were synthesized during 75 seconds intraperitoneally for 14 days. Experimental group 3 received 25 mg/kg of AgCo NPs in which Ag NPs were synthesized during 300 seconds intraperitoneally for 14 days. At the end of the test period, blood samples were taken from the heart and the serum levels of the liver enzymes were measured as AST, ALT, ALP, albumin and total protein. In addition, tissue changes in the liver were studied after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan test. The results showed that the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin and total protein in experimental groups did not change significantly compared to the control group. Mean serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase levels (ALP) in experimental groups did not change significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). In the experimental groups receiving AgCo NPs, liver tissue damage was not observed. AgCo NPs do not change the serum levels of liver enzymes and liver tissue.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles with the size range approximately from 1 to 100 nanometers that are made in different shapes. Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that expected to open some new opportunities in order to destroy and control of microorganisms using of materials and systems at the scale of the atom. Echinococcus granulosus is the agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which has a cosmopolitan distribution. This parasite causes hydatid cysts that can afflicted at various organs of mammalian host such as liver, lung even in heart, brain and bone which may lead to death. The current methods for treatment of human CE include surgery. This study was undertaken for the first time to evaluate the scolicidal effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO- NPs) against hydatid cyst protoscolices in vitro. The scolicidal activities of the zinc oxide nanoparticles were tested in concentrations of 50,100 and 150 mg/ml following 10, 30 and 60 min of incubation and tested were repeated at three times. Data were analyzed by SAS software. The results showed that the zinc oxide nanoparticles at the concentration of 50 mg/ml leads to killing 19/6% protoscolices at 10 minutes. In 150 mg/ml concentration, the black ZnO particles were covered on all protoscolices, and they could not be seen or counted. This investigation showed that ZnO-NPs a statistically significant difference in the protoscolicidal activity with different dilutions but, is not recommended as a powerful scolicidal agent.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite great efforts over many years, today cancer treatment is not very effective. The main reasons for cancer chemotherapy failure are high cytotoxicity, low response rates in solid tumors, and development of resistance. Different experimental studies have shown that drug combination using low toxicity natural compounds such as polyphenols can reduce the required dose of cytotoxic drugs for cancer treatment. The polyphenolic compound, Silymarin (SLM), is an active extract from the seeds of the plant milk thistle (Silybum Marianum). It is well known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant and chemoprotective effects. In present study, we investigated cytotoxic effects of combined liposomal doxorubicin (DXL) and SLM on 4T1 breast cancer cells at different molar ratios of the two drugs and we focused on elucidating whether the combination of the two drugs could dictate antitumor activity in vitro. Results indicated that SLM-DXL combination at 100 and 300 molar ratios, exert synergistic growth-inhibitory effects. These synergistic effects were observed only at lower SLM-DXL concentrations. In conclusion, it is conceivable that in SLM-DXL combination chemotherapy, drug ratios play a key role which determine the final response following treatment. Thus, using liposomes as targeted drug delivery systems, it would be possible to achieve appropriate combination of the two drugs at correct doses and correct administration intervals clinically. Keywords: Silymarin; Doxorubicin; Liposomes; Combination therapy; 4T1

In this paper, SnO2 and SnS2 thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrate. The prepared films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aspergillus niger (A. Niger) fungi were grown in an appropriate medium and were exposed to the synthesized SnO2 and SnS2 thin films in a closed glass vessel to measure their nano-biosensing properties. The nano-biosensitivity of the prepared samples were investigated by studying the change in their electrical resistance at different times and temperatures happening due to the produced gases from A. niger fungi. Furthermore, the effects of humidity and CO2 on the sensitivity of the samples were investigated in the presence of Silica-gel and CaCo3, respectively. The results showed a considerable and detectable electrical resistance change for prepared samples in the presence of A. niger fungi, which supports our proposed system as a nanobiosensor.

Phenytoin is an anti-seizure medication used to treat epilepsy, as well as to control arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) and to treat migraine headaches and nerve pain. It is recommended to determine the amount of this drug in the blood to control the seizure and prevent its toxicity. In the present study, a sensitive and simple procedure based on the dispersive solid phase extraction was developed and validated for the determination of Phenytoin in plasma samples. Hydrophobic n-octyl-modified magnetic iron oxide NPs (IONPs) was employed as the sorbent. The studied drug was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH of the sample, amount of sorbent, extraction time, salt addition, type and volume of the desorption eluent and desorption time were optimized. After the extraction procedure, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were easily separated from the aqueous solution by applying an external magnetic field without the need to filtration or centrifugation. The separation and preconcentration procedures were fast and completed in less than 6 min. Under optimized conditions, this method achieved a low limits of detection (3.0 ng mL-1), wide linear dynamic ranges (10 to 1000 ng mL-1), high enrichment factors (226), good correlation coefficients (r = 0.996), and good repeatability (6.7 to 7.3%). This method was used to analyze plasma samples with good efficiency (≥ 90). Finally, the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of phenytoin in plasma samples from epileptic patients for therapeutic drug monitoring purpose.

The oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion is expanded in biomedical application due to their special properties. Mint and Parsley are known herbs with many health benefits. Chitosan (Ch) is a low toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible and safe polymer with the antibacterial activity which is used in production of nanomaterial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nanoemulsion to achieve good antibacterial activity and suitable stability with low cytotoxicity.

In the presence study, the O/W nanoemulsion was prepared by Mint essential oil in the presence of Parsley aqueous extract and chitosan aqueous solution using Span 80 and Tween 80 surfactants and high-intensity homogenizer at room temperature for 30 min. The result samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The stability of nanoemulsion was evaluated for 50 days at different temperatures for optimized samples. The antibacterial activity of samples was measured against an important pathogen bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) using inhibition zone diameter. The rheological properties of nanoemulsion were determined by presentation of viscosity at room temperature. The cytotoxicity of samples was investigated by MTT assay for HEK239 human cell line at three different concentrations for three periods of time.

Our results showed the nanoemulsion with nanometer size. The presence of chitosan was caused more particles with the smaller size. The low temperature was needed to protection of nanoemulsion stability and prevention of particle growth.

Our study indicated that the nanoemulsion improved its antibacterial activity with low cytotoxicity and suitable stability.