Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2018

A common approach for building a drug delivery system is to incorporate the drug within the nanocarrier that results in increased solubility, metabolic stability, and improved circulation time. However, recent developments indicate that selection of polymer nanomaterials can implement more than only inert carrier functions by being biological response modifiers. One representative of such materials is Pluronic block copolymers that cause various functional alterations in cells. The key attribute for the biological activity of Pluronics is their ability to incorporate into membranes followed by subsequent translocation into the cells and affecting various cellular functions, such as mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, activity of drug efflux transporters, apoptotic signal transduction, and gene expression. As a result, Pluronics cause drastic sensitization to various anticancer agents based on multidrug resistant (MDR), enhance drug transport across the blood brain and intestinal barriers, and causes transcriptional activation of gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. On other hand, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using polymer based particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Particulate systems like nanoparticles and micelles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic profiles of various types of drug molecules. Due to the wide compatibility with drug candidates of diverse nature and ingredients in formulations, poloxamers serve to be excellent polymer for drug delivery vehicles by different routes of administration. This review will highlight the poloxamers-based micelles/nanoparticles that have been developed to date.

Gum Tragacanth (GT) obtained from Astragalus Gossypinus is one of the most widely used natural gums which has found applications in many areas because of its attractive features such as biodegradability, nontoxic nature, natural availability, moisture absorption and creating a network of Hydrocolloid. It also has maintenance and delivery of drugs, higher resistance to microbial attacks and long shelf-life properties.In present study, preparation nanofibers of 50 wt% Bassorin (extracted from Gum Tragacanth) has been mixed by 50 wt% Poly Ethylene Oxide and 0.01 wt% Ofloxacin (Ba/PEO/Ofx) for Electrospinning. Nanofibers coated on cotton gauze. The properties of Bassorin and produced nanofibers were examined via XRD, FTIR and SEM microscopy. The Antibacterial of nanofibers activity against Staphylococcus aureus as gram positive bacteria and Escherichia coli as a gram-negative bacteria also were investigated. Nanofibers are capable of absorbing wound’s exocrine liquid easily due to their high specific area of nanofibers which 4 to 5% more than cotton gauzes without nanofibers. When it is turned to gel by moisture sorption, the release of loaded Ofloxacin would be enhanced. The Antibacterial assay showed the cotton gauze coated with Ba/PEO/Ofx nanofibers could inhibit about 90% growth both bacterial strain on burn wound. Also, the therapeutic effect of nano-bassorin in restoring superficial second-degree burns in rats showed an accelerated effect on wound healing.Based on the results of this study, it is possible to use cotton gauzes coated with bassorin nanofibers as a suitable candidate for the treatment of second-degree superficial burns.

In this study the influence of dicarboxy acetone (DCA), as an oxidation product of sodium citrate, was evaluated by ‘reversed Turkevich’ method in this study. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized systematically at various sodium citrate to HAuCl4 molar ratio and temperature. TheseThe GNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS and TEM techniques. The results showed that by reversing the order of reagents addition we could synthesize GNPs were obtained in range of 12-51 nm. All of these GNPs samples were monodisperse and have had the same pattern of narrow size distribution in contrast to traditional Turkevich method in which GNPs larger than 40 nm became unstable. Moreover, Sodium citrate to HAuCl4 molar ratio and temperature had a significant role in size controlling and monodispersity of GNPs. By increasing sodium citrate to HAuCl4 molar ratio,s the size of GNPs reduced drastically. Since, temperature had a central role on the production rate of DCA, so its influence on monodispersity of GNPs was more considerable than the size of them.

Stress is a physiological response that can disrupt body elements homeostasis and lead to neurophysiological abnormality. This study has been investigated the serum and hippocampus Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+/3+ and Ca2+ level changes in two times after MgO NPs and ZnO NPs single injection following restraint stress in the male rat. Animals were divided into two main groups that each of them includes: control, restraint of 90, 180 and 360 min+ saline, MgO NPs and ZnO NPs 5 mg/kg alone and with a restraint of 90 min. In one group, 30 min and in another 120 min after intraperitoneally injections of components or stress induction elements levels were measured in the serum and hippocampus. MgO NPs and ZnO NPs could change elements level in the serum and hippocampus depend on acute time after injections and there was a significant positive correlation between serums Fe2+/3+ following two different acute times after ZnO NPs administration. Different times of stress induction have different effects on elements level changes in the serum and hippocampus, 30 and 120 min after induction and nanoparticles could alleviate these changes depend on the time. In restraint groups, there were positive and negative significant correlations between two different times measurements of Fe2+/3+ or Ca2+ in the serum and hippocampus. it seems that time is an important factor in ameliorative MgO NPs and ZnO NPs effects on elements disruption induced by stress, but their exact interaction with stress systems containing ions level changes needs to more investigation.

The development and design of the biocompatible and biodegradable thermodynamically stable micellar and microemulsion transparent dispersions to reduce the free and unbounded drugs concentration in the blood is a basic challenge in field of drug efficacy and bioavailability of drugs. In the current work, solubilization capacity of the drug (Tocopherol), oil (Ethyl Butyrate), and oil+drug (1:1 molar ratio) into F127 pluronic microemulsions was studied as a function of F127 concentration through simple turbidity or transparency experiments. Pluronic F127-based oil-in-water microemulsions of various compositions were synthesized and titrated with concentrated Tocopherol drug, Ethyl Butyrate oil, and oil+drug (1:1 molar ratio), separately, to determine clear /turbid transition zone. We observed that, at certain Pluronic F127 concentrations , microemulsions were gel-like. This specific concentration of F127 was different for three systems mentioned. We also observed that by increasing sodium caprylate fatty acid in the system , solutions became transparent. By the simple logic, we were able to determine the optimal binding ratio of F127 and/or SC to ethyl butyrate oil, Tocopherol drug, and oil+drug (1:1 molar ratio) in microemulsion. We also measured the dynamic surface tension and dynamic light scattering of the microemulsion formulations to further prove the hypothesis that all fatty acid is bound to the F127 in the microemulsion.

In this study, pencil graphite electrode was modified using conductive polypyrrole (Ppy) and grapheme (GF) nanocomposite for electrochemical determination of insulin. Electrochemical behavior of insulin on PGE was investigated using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) and chronoaprometry (CA) methods. Several effective parameters including pH, concentration, and scan rate for electrochemical modification of electrode were investigated and optimal conditions were proposed. Kinetics of the oxidation reaction and diffusion coefficient of the sensor was studied. The performed steps allow the measurement of insulin with a linear repeatability curve and appropriate accuracy at a range of 0.225 to 1.235 μM. The limit of detection was obtained at 8.65 nM for insulin. The amount of electron transfer coefficient between modified electrode and insulin was obtained to 0.5 with 0.84~1 number of electrons exchanged during oxidation of insulin. The application of proposed sensor for analyzing insulin in a human blood serum was investigated.

Morphine can cause harmful effects in the ovaries. The silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) used in health care because of antimicrobial properties, can diffuse into the brain blood barrier. This study investigated the protective effect of Ag-NPs on the induction of polycystic ovary (PCO) due to injection of morphine intra-ventromedial hypothalamus (intra-VMH) of rat compared with the animal receiving the drug (10-100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice daily for 7 days to lead to addiction. The rats (bought of Pasture Institute of Iran weighing 200-250 g) were housed under standard conditions and fed ad libitum. They were randomly divided to addict to drug or morphine (0.001 to 0.4 μg/rat) receiving into the VMH (AP: -1.92) a week after stereotaxic surgery. Ag-Nps (0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001 μg/rat) were administered intra-VMH alone or prior to morphine effective dose (0.4 μg/rat). Control group was given only saline. By the end of the treatment, the animals’ ovaries and/or brain were dissected and studied histopathologically. The ovaries were also checked by the marker of the NO, NADPH-diaphorase. All experimental rats’ ovaries treated morphine showed polycystic characteristics and the NO activation was evidenced in the ovaries in the comparison with the saline group (p

Silver-cobalt nanoparticles have anti-fungal properties and are used in medicine. In the present study, the effect of silver-cobalt nanoparticles on serum levels of T3 and T4 hormones was investigated. Silver-cobalt nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction.

In this experimental study, 28 male adult Wistar rats (approximately 180-220 gr) were used. Animals were divided into 4 groups of 7. The control group did not receive any medication. Experimental groups 1 and 2 received silver-cobalt nanoparticles, which were synthesized during 75 seconds, received doses of 25 and 100 mg / kg intraperitoneally for 14 days, respectively. The experimental group 3 received silver-cobalt nanoparticles that were synthesized during 300 seconds at a doses of 25 mg / kg intraperitoneally for 14 days. At the end of the trial, blood sampling was performed to measure hormones. The mean serum levels of T3 and T4 hormones were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests including ANOVA and Duncan test.

Serum levels of T4 in experimental groups 2 and 3 showed a significant decrease compared to control group. Serum T3 level did not change significantly in all experimental groups compared to control group (p