Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

The health effects of nanoparticles (NPs) are raising considerable and growing concerns from the public and government around the world. Nano-metals are new forms of metal with special properties, but are characterized by having a particle size of less than 100 nm. Copper is an essential trace element and its deficiency leads to different diseases in humans. In general, copper NPs have been reported among the most toxic nanomaterials in mammals. The toxicity of nano-copper depends on sex. The increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) plays an important role in copper-induced organic dysfunction.In this review, we will not only summarize the tissues toxicology induced by nano-copper, but also we will discuss the functions of ROS and RNS in the pathogenesis and toxicity in different organs, DNA damage as a result of oxidative stress, changes in Blood biochemical indexes, and the mechanism of the nano-copper induced apoptosis.

 The present work deals with the preparation of nanobioconjugates based on the immobilization of cytochrome c (cyt c) on functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs). The effect of the nanosupport and the immobilization procedure on the biochemical and structural characteristics of the immobilized protein was investigated.
 The MWCNTs were functionalized to provide alkyl chains with different length and terminal functional groups on their surface. The immobilization of cyt c was achieved through physical adsorption and covalent binding. Cyt-c-based nanoconjugates were characterized in terms of peroxidase activity and stability of protein, while UV-visible spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural characteristics of the immobilized protein.
 The loading of cyt c on f-MWCNTs was effectively achieved, with immobilization yields reaching up to 77%. The peroxidase activity of cyt c was higher in the case of non covalent immobilization compared to that of covalent procedure. Immobilized cyt c exhibited higher thermal stability than the native protein after 24 h incubation at 40oC, while it preserved up to 100% of its initial activity after incubation in the presence of a denaturing agent such as H2O2. No significant changes in the heme microenvironment of cyt c were observed in the presence of f-MWCNTs.
 This study has demonstrated that f-MWCNTs are effective supports for the immobilization of cyt c, providing a universally applicable platform for the development of bionanoconjugates with potential use in a wide variety of fields in nanobiocatalysis, biosensing and nanomedicine.

 Nanoparticles offer an attractive platform for drug delivery through a wide variety of the body's physiological barriers. Furthermore, modification of nanoparticle surface with moeites such as Poloxamer188 can enhance their accumulation and localization at disease site. In this work, we investigated the physiochemical effect of a scavenger receptor (SR-BI) interacting moiety coated on the surface of methotrexate (MTX)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles.
 Methotrexate-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by a single step nanoprecipitation technique. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for their size and morphology respectively. In vitro drug encapsulation efficiency (EE) and relative drug loading (DL) of nanoparticles were examined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
 The results showed that the mean diameter of nanoparticles and zeta potential increased when more poloxamer188 was added to preparation process.The DL and EE of MTX increased with increase in poloxamer188/PVA ratio. In vitro release of MTX from PLGA nanoparticle was extended by increasing poloxamer188 in preparation process.
 MTX loaded PLGA nanoparticle modified with PVA and poloxamer 188 with suitable sizes and physiochemical properties can potentially improve drug delivery.

 Biodegradable film is widely used because it is free from synthetic substances and does not lead to environment pollution. This study aimed to prepare and characterize biodegradable sago starch films loaded with Carboxymethyl Cellulose nanoparticles.  Sago starch films were prepared and plasticized with sorbitol/ glycerol by the casting method. Nano Carboxymethyl Cellulose with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w) was added to the films before casting them. The effects of the addition of nanoparticles were measured on mechanical properties, water absorption capacity, density and heat sealability.  In mechanical test of the combined films, by increasing of CMC nanoparticles concentration significantly (P<0.05) increased tensile strength and Young Modulus and elongation prameter showed significant (P<0.05) reduction from 17.69 to 15.39. The seal strength for the sago film was increased by incorporating a low percentage of nano Carboxymethyl Cellulose and enhanced the physicochemical properties and heat sealability of sago films.  Considering biodegradability of the edible films and improvement of their mechanical properties by CMC nanoparticles, they can be utilized in different industries, particularly in food industry, as an edible coating for packaging food and pharmaceutical products. With regard to its properties such as cost saving, biodegradability and mechanical properties when percentage of CMC nanoparticles increased can found a position among packaging materials.

 The purpose of this work was design and performance investigation of a nanocarrier based on magnetic nanofibers containing core-shell nanostructuresfor anticancerdrug delivery of daunorubicin (DAN) by measuring their drug release at different pH values.
Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe3O4@SiO2core-shell nanostructures were synthesized through coprecipitation and Stöber methodrespectively. The composite nanofibers of polyvinyl alcohol containing core-shell nanostructures and anticancer drug of daunorubicinwere fabricated by electrospinning method.The nanostructures were characterized bySEM, XRD,VSM and FTIR techniques. The drug release was investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at different pHs.
The results is shown that in vitro drug release at pH= 6.0 is promisingly more and faster than drug release at pH= 7.4. The fitted equation of release curves is corresponded to Peppas model.
It can be concluded that the proposed nanocarrier is capable of responding to pH changes, that is an advantage in the targeted delivery of the drug. Also, this method has the advantages of magnetic sensitivity, high drug loading capacity and sustained release.

 Among herbal oils, cinnamon bark oil has several advantages such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. It is already reported that particle size of oil droplets affects their properties such as their antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated inhibitory activity of cinnamon oil products including bulk, microemulsion (ME) and nanoemulsion (NE).
 ME and NE were prepared by low energy methods. Physicochemical characterization of cinnamon oil ME (COME) and NE (CONE) were investigated. Bulk, ME and NE of cinnamon oil were evaluated for antibacterial inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by microdilution method.
 Average particle size of COME and CONE was found to be 2040 nm and 30.4 nm, respectively. Results showed that both CONE and COME had increased inhibitory activity (p<0.05) against bacterial infection compared with ablank control group, of which COME had highest antibacterial effects.
 Our findings suggested COME and CONE as potential green antibacterial agents.

 In recent years, green synthesis of nanoparticles is under exploration due to wide medicine and biological applications and research interest in nanotechnology. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is becoming increasingly importance as eco-friendly. The objectives of this study were the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles using parsley extract.

 In the present study, ZnO NPs were synthesized from an extract of parsley at different temperatures (at room temperature and 90°C) and obtained the optimum time for preparation of ZnO NPs. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS). The antibacterial activities of the samples were determined against Escherichia coli (E. coli).

 XRD results of ZnO NPs were correctly synthesized and crystalline structure was similar to the previously reported pattern. The nanoparticle morphology was observed for ZnO nanostructured based on the SEM images. DLS analysis showed samples in the nanometer scale. The DRS absorption spectra of nanoparticles showed the Ultraviolet (UV) protective properties. The antibacterial activities against E.coli were observed because of the presence of ZnO NPs.

 This result showed that the parsley extract is good candidate for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli. The result indicated that ZnO NPs can have a good potential for different applications.

 Due to wide range of medical applications as bactericidal agents, nanosilver particles (NSPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities. However, potential toxicity impacts of NSPs in humans and animals still remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical observations, mortality and pathological changes in rats following intraperitoneal administration of different doses of NSPs.

 In this study, rats were administered intraperitoneally over a period of 5 days with repeated doses at different dose levels (20, 80, 320 mg/kg) of NSPs (20 nm). Rats were euthanized 14 days after the treatment. Animal mortality, clinical sings, food intake and body weight were evaluated. Histopathology was performed on heart, lung, liver and kidneys of experimented animals.

 There was a significant decrease in the body weight of animals in high dose group following fourteen days of exposure. Also, there was significant decrease in food intake during the treatment period in high dose group. Histological tissue sections indicated that NSPs induced multi-organ pathological lesions including severe alveolar edema, hemorrhage and inflammation in lungs, myocytolysis, congestion and edema in heart, inflammation and congestion in kidney and liver.

 The results obtained two weeks following intraperitoneal injection indicate that the administration of high doses of NSPs could induce histopathological complications in heart, lung, liver and kidneys in rats. No significant pathological effects were observed in low and intermediate doses. More toxicological investigations are needed in relation of the application of NSPs with their potential threat as a medical tool.