Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Summer 2016

Pluronic based nano-particulate systems are innovative platforms for delivery of anti-cancer agents. These systems due to their pharmacological properties and suitable physicochemical characteristics are great opportunity for development cancer therapeutics. This mini-review tries to provide a more detailed overview on the currently available pluronic based drug delivery systems. In the section 2, pharmacological characteristics of pluronic as a therapeutic polymer are assessed. In section 3, pluronic based formulations for undruggable payloads and surfaced modified targeted delivery systems are analyzed. The combinatorial pluronic based systems are summarized in section 4 and at last but not least the challenges and future prospective are discussed within section 5.

The aim of this study was to determine cytotoxic effect of nanoliposomal form of lyophilized aqueous extract of Ecballium elaterium fruit on gastric cell line (AGS) using cell viability tests. An aqueous extract of the fruits of Ecballium elaterium was prepared. Nanoliposomal form was also prepared by thin-film hydration method and stability size was determined by SEM. The zeta potential and size characterized by Malvern zetasizer. Cytotoxic effect of the nanoliposomes encapsulated the extract on cell line was examined by MTT, Neutral Red and Frame methods. The size of nanoliposomes was 218.2 nm with proper dispersion (PDI=0.3). The morphology of the liposomes was suitable according to SEM image. The IC50 values indicated that the nanoliposomal form of extract was 2-3 times more active than extract alone. The average IC50 values for extract and nanoliposomal form of extract were 1±0.1 and 0.39±0.02 μg/ml, respectively. The results from this study showed that the crude extract and nanoliposomal form extract of Ecballium elaterium have cytotoxicity effect on AGS cell line and these cells were significantly more susceptible to nanoliposomes encapsulated Ecballium elaterium extract than that of the extract itself.

This study aims to evaluate and predict the thermal conductivity of iron oxide nanofluid at different temperatures and volume fractions by artificial neural network (ANN) and correlation using experimental data.

Two-layer perceptron feedforward artificial neural network and backpropagation Levenberg-Marquardt (BP-LM) training algorithm are used to predict the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are prepared by chemical co-precipitation method and thermal conductivity coefficient is measured using 2500TPS apparatus.

Fe3O4 nanofluids with particle size of 20-25 nm are used to test the effectiveness of ANN. Thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 /water nanofluid at different temperatures of 25, 30 and 35℃ and volume concentrations, ranging from 0.05% to 5% is employed as training data for ANN. The obtained results show that the thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 nanofluid increases linearly with volume fraction and temperature.

the artificial neural network model has a reasonable agreement in predicting experimental data. So it can be concluded the ANN model is an effective method for prediction of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids and has better prediction accuracy and simplicity compared with the other existing theoretical methods.

Nanomaterials, especially silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), are employed in an increasing number of commercial products. This has led to an ever growing exposure of human beings to this substance. The first purpose of the Nano Committee of Food and Drug Administration of The Islamic Republic of Iran (IFDA) is developing guidelines to assess and approve commercial nano-health products for their safety of human applications. Nanobiocide® as a commercial product of stable colloid including 2000 ppm Ag-NPs for surface antimicrobial applications was investigated according to IFDA guidelines in the approval process.

The first fabrication and characterization method of the product were determined. The human exposure to Nanobiocide® were studied by cytotoxicity assay, dermal irritation and inhalation toxicity assay based on the standard assay.

According to cytotoxicity assay by MTT method the concentration-dependent of cell viability was reduced and Inhibitory concentration-50 was about 1160 ppm. The Draize dermal irritation scoring system (DDIS) showed no irritation to the skin of rabbits. No sign of gross toxicity, adverse pharmacological effect, or abnormal behavior based on inhalation toxicity was observed.

The consideration of toxicity of Nanobiocide® is one of the major key for medical application. The results obtained revealed that the Nanobiocide® may be safe using in domestic and veterinary applications.

Normoxic type MAGICA gel dosimeters are established for dose quantification in three dimensions for radiotherapy. The ability of MAGICA polymer gel was assessed by experimental measurements method for studying the effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in dose enhancement under the external 18MV radiotherapy practices. The different GNPs concentrations were studied: 0.02mM, 0.05 mM and 0.1 mM. Then, a new formulation of MAGICA gel was synthesized. The fabricated gel was poured in the tubes (with and without the GNPs) located at the water phantom. The water phantom was irradiated to 18 MV beam of a Varian linac. After 24 hours, the irradiated gels were read using a Siemens 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. The absolute dose sat the reference points and isodose curves resulted from the experimental measurements of the gels following the external radiotherapy practices were compared. The signal of non-irradiated gel samples containing GNPs showed maximum difference of the 1% compared to gel without nanoparticles. The dose enhancement factors were 1.014±0.07, 1.074±0.11and 1.161±0.15 for 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mM concentrations, respectively. The results demonstrate that use of GNPs embedded in polymer gels caused the enhancement of radiation. The results indicated that the polymer gel dosimetry method as developed and used in this study can be recommended as a reliable method for investigating the DEF of GNPs in external radiotherapy practices.

In this research, magnetite nanoparticles with an average size of 23-36 nm were successfully synthesized via surfactant-free electrochemical method using iron as the anode and water as the electrolyte in a closed aqueous system in the presence of NaOH at room temperature.

The effect of the current density on product formation and particle size was investigated. Particle size was controlled by adjusting the current density. It was found that particle size decreases by decreasing the current density. In addition, the effect of current density  on the structural and optical properties of nanostructures were studied by X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared, and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques. 

The results obtained from the magnetization property study of samples at room temperature showed coactivity and saturation manetization of 0-100 Oe and 27.2- 40.5 emu. g-1, respectively. Finally, the results of biological activity study of nanoparticles on liver and kidney function in male wistar rats demonstrated that oral administration of NPs caused significant alterations to the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase in serum.

No significant changes were detected in the groups treated with 10 and 100 ppm/ day nanostructure (P>0.05). There was a significant increase in the serum level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level (p<0.05) in rats treated with high oral doses of the nanostructure.

Carbon nanotubes have unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, with potential different applications in nanomedicine, electronics, and other industries. These new applications of carbon nanotubes in different industries lead to the increased exposure risk of nanomaterials to human. Up to now, all aspects of carbon nanotubes toxicity are not completely clear following human and animal exposures with these novel compounds. The aim of this study was to assess cardiopulmonary toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes following oral administration in rats with respect to the histopathological and biochemical evaluation.

In the present investigation, we studied cardiorespiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with regard to histopathological changes and some biomarkers including TnT, CK-MB and LDH in experimental rats following oral administration. One dose per 24 h of MWCNT suspension was administered orally (gavage technique) to animals at the doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day BW for 5 days.

The results of these study showed oral administration of MWCNT induces histopathological complications such as severe alveolar edema and hemorrhage in lungs and myocytolysis in heart of all experimental groups of animals. In all of the groups, troponin T level showed no changes when compared to baseline. Lactate dehydrogenase and CK-MB activity showed significant increment in all of animal groups following oral administration of carbon nanotubes.

It can be concluded that oral exposure of MWCNT may be toxic for cardiovascular and respiratory systems, because MWCNT induced biochemical alterations and histopathological abnormalities in these vital systems.

Breast cancer imposes a highest rate of malignancy among the women all around the world. Chitin and its derivatives such as D-glucosamine-carboxymethyl chitin and Di-hydroxy propyl chitin have immune-modulating effects and influence on innate and acquisitive immunity which lead to cell activity enhancement. The aim of this study was investigating the effect of D-glucosamine nanoparticle on immune responses such as the changes in cytokines type 1 and 2 level in tumoral mice.

Nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation method and characterized by DLS and SEM methods. Tumors were induced in experimental mice and subsequently treated with nanoparticles. Then, the production of cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were evaluated.

The obtained results showed a significant increase in the level of IFN-γ production in the mice group treated with nanoparticles compared to control groups. Additionally, there was a reduction in the level of IL-4 and tumor size in the test group.

D-glucosamine nanoparticles can be proposed as a stimulator of the immune system and a promising compound for cancer treatment in the future.