فصلنامه مطالعات زبان و ترجمه
سال پنجاه و دوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398 )

Due to its diasporic features and being 'in-between' competing Pakistani-American discourses, Mohsin Hamid (1971--)'s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) has the potential to deconstruct the dominant perceptions about influential incidents like the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. The major concept which is dislodged in this novel is the paradigm shift which occurs in the West and especially the United States after the event. The United States claims that its strategic alteration toward the Muslim immigrants in the post 9/11 era is a reaction against the fundamentalism and terrorism engendered by them; whereas, Hamid's critical reading against the grain, regards the post 9/11 alterations in the reception of Muslim migrants as anterior to the global fundamentalism and terrorism, rather than posterior to them. Put differently, the marginalized and oft-neglected narrative of a Muslim migrant author of the post 9/11 tumults, recognizes the United States as the origin of the global fundamentalism and terrorism and not the victim of them as widely claimed. The redefinition of this change in American policies in post 9/11 is depicted through the perspective of Changez, the novel's protagonist. He is a Muslim Pakistani young man, a Princeton graduate, and employed by a prosperous economic company. Hamid's redefinition of the post 9/11 paradigm shift is investigated along three axes and three important binary oppositions are deconstructed in his novel; the cosmopolitan/nationalist United States, the religious/ economic fundamentalism, and the military/economic terrorism.

Novel publishing in Iran has always been accompanied by fluctuations arising from socio-political transformations. The present paper seeks to study Iran’s novel publishing market through the lens of socio-political shifts in Iran before the end of the second millennium. The period studied includes 1997 to 1998, when the reformist administration gained victory after the presidential election of 1997. Given the interdisciplinary nature of this research, two theoretical frameworks have been adopted: Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory and Giddens’ theory of structuration. Moreover, Social Network Analysis was used to study the changes in the field of translated novel and domestic novel publishing. Furthermore, in order to understand the structural and causal factors affecting changes in the publication of the novel during this period, semi-structured interviews with publishers were conducted to investigate the structural transformations from agents’ viewpoints. The results of the study show that the structure of the novel has undergone a number of qualitative and quantitative changes over the two years under review, in which the structural and political impact of the situation has strengthened or restricted the active agency of publishers and authors / translators.

The present investigation set out to examine the strategies employed in the translation of quoting verbs into Persian within a frame semantic approach. To this end, in the first stage of the research, a total of 360 quoting verbs used in Conrad's Heart of Darkness wasextracted and subjected to a comparative analysis with those employed by the Persian translator Saleh Hosseini, based on Sams' (2009) list of the frames of quoting verbs. Findings showed that, in addition to the high frequency of the frame of communication / statement, frames such as communication/question, communication/turn-taking, communication / manner, and communication/noise had a comparatively high occurrence, respectively, and that the realizations of other frames were either absent in both mini-corpora or quite negligible. In the next stage of the study, twelve translation strategy types employed by the translator were identified and their tokens were tabulated. Findings indicated that, subsequent to the literal translation strategy, strategies such as transformation of a descriptive quotative into a neutral one, transformation of a non - quoting verb into a quoting verb, use of adverbial phrase + verb and prepositional phrase + verb, and transformation of a single quoting verb into two quoting verbs in Persian had, respectively, the highest occurrences. It also seems that English in its written fictional genre deploys a greater number of quoting verbs and more flexible quotatives compared to Persian, thereby making the task of translation a challenging one for the Persian translator. Similar yet comprehensive investigations are likely to contribute to the empowerment of novice translators.

In a theatrical event, dramaturgy often includes drafting a play, observing the performance, modifying various performative elements, etc. In Lessingian tradition, dramaturgy needs managerial/criticizing skills, while according to Brecht, it has two textual/production facets. In the present paper, by analyzing the first scenes of Act One of "A Man for All Seasons", and its Persian translations (Alerasoul & Taheri), along with the performed version, it is tried to explore the structure of the Iranian dramaturgy and to determine the relation of translator to dramaturg(y). Studying this complex process under the modified version of Kowzan's model suggests that drama translation is often a starting point for (even textual) dramaturgy and translator cannot be claimed to be dramaturg, although if various dramaturges with different skill would be imagined, the title of "translational dramaturg" fits translator.

Marxism is the school based on Karl Marx’s idea on the political and economic conditions governing the world. Marx considers the economic motivations present behind all decisions in the capitalist society. The aim of this article is to analyze Marxist ideas present in Albee’s The Zoo Story, and to consider the effects of the Capitalist society on the life of the citizens that the two characters of the play represent. In The Zoo Story, Peter could be considered as the representative of the petty bourgeoisie or the middle class and Jerry as the one representing the proletariat. Marx believed that in the capitalist society the two classes are the victims of the bourgeoisie, as the latter one uses them for its goals. Peter and Jerry are the victims in the society, one through his poverty and being alienated, and the other by being interpellated and brainwashed. Althusser defines interpellation as the way that the hegemony makes the subjects believe in its ideology and consider it as their own. Althusser also introduces the sources of interpellation as the education and religion system and the media. Therefore, Peter as the one who works for the publishing company and reads books and watches the TV is at the center on interpellation. The findings of the article show that the characters are both alienated from each other and from themselves. Jerry is alienated from other people and lives in a place that resembles the zoo, and Peter is alienated from himself as he is not aware of his situation as the victim of the interpellation of the capitalist ideology.

One of language learning difficulties for Persian speaking learners is the pronunciation of sounds that do not exist in their mother tongue. These sounds include English consonants /w/, /θ/, /ð/, and /ŋ/. Due to the interference of the first language (L1) and the second language (L2), most Persian speaking learners replace the unfamiliar sound in L2 with a similar one in L1. This research, adopting a descriptive-analytic approach, aims to investigate the substitution of each English consonant with their corresponding consonants in Persian through argumentation around their constraints and ranking of Optimality theory in order to avoid interference in the later stages of language learning. To this end, 50 seventh-graders (middle school students) were randomly-selected from those who had not previously attended any English class outside school. Then they were asked to read 10 sentences containing at least 2 words with one of the English consonants /w/, /θ/, /ð/ or /ŋ/. The results show that these students substitute English consonants /w/, /T/, /D/, and /N/ with their corresponding counterparts in Persian [v], [t], [d], and [Nɡ], respectively. In some cases, depending on the consonant position in the syllable, they are replaced by another similar consonants in Persian, as [s] and [z] instead of /T/ and /D/ at coda position.

The translation of the Qur'an as the most sensitive text needs an accurate assessment. Translation theorists have presented different models for evaluating translation, but there has not been a scientific model for evaluating translation from Arabic to Persian, and in particular, translating the Holy Qur'an so far. To have such a model, it seems necessary first to examine the efficacy of translation assessment models in evaluating the Qur'an translation. For this purpose, present paper studies the efficacy of the Berman model and examines the efficiency of clarification tendency in the assessment of Rezaee ST-oriented translation as a case study. This study shows that in some cases, due to lack of femininity and dual forms in the Persian language, Arabic terms and derivations which have no equivalent in Persian and homonyms in Arabic vocabulary, clarification in the translation of the Qur'an is compulsory and inevitable. In other cases, however, clarification is optional and the translation approach determines the degree of its necessity. Clarification avoidance strategies include maintenance of omissions and ambiguities of demonstrative pronouns and nouns, Euphemism and metaphorical preservation; suffice to slightest change and avoidance of exegetical explanations and specifying instances.