مجله روان شناسی فرهنگی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

The purpose of this research was to study and compare the post-crisis adaptation needs of urban and rural families. Families living in Sarpolzab city and Dasht-e-Zahab villages who remained in their town and villages after the earthquake of Kermanshah and adjusted to their living conditions constituted the study population. In urban part, 380 families were selected by cluster random sampling, and in rural part, 300 rural families from 5 randomly-selected villages completed the research questionnaire. To measure the variable of adaptation needs, a researcher-made questionnaire, titled “Family Adaptation” was used which had three subscales of “family”, “spouse subsystem”, and “parent-child subsystem”. The validity coefficient of the questionnaire in the sample group was obtained equal to 0.868. The data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The results showed that there were significant differences in adaptation needs between urban and rural families. In the “family” subscale, security and belief-making needs were higher in priority for urban families than for rural families. In the spouse subscale, realistic needs of  urban spouses  were greater than the realistic needs of  rural spouses. In parent-child subscale, no significant difference was found between the needs of urban and rural families. Due to the different adaptation needs of urban and rural families, these needs can be focused in post-crisis support packages.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of language learning motivation based on cultural intelligence and creativity in secondary high school students. The research method was correlational. The statistical population of this study was all 170 first-year students of secondary school in five public schools with six classes, who were studying in the second half of the academic year of 2019, and the number of samples based on the Krejci and Morgan tables was equal to 120 students randomly selected in a cluster manner. The data collection tools included the Angle and Early Cultural Intelligence Questionnaire (2004), Abedi creativity test (1992) and Drodynejad's language motivation questionnaire (2015). The findings showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the subscales of cultural intelligence and and creativity with language motivation in second-year students. Also, cultural intelligence and creativity had a significant predictive effect on language motivation in secondary school students. Regarding the results of the research, it can generally be concluded that cognitive behavioral factors such as creativity and cultural intelligence are effective in increasing the language's motivation. Psychologists and teachers can use these cognitive variables to improve the motivation of learning English.

The purpose of this research was the effect of psychological capital on academic burnout in students at University of Kashan: the mediator role of cultural intelligence. Research type in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of was descriptive correlative. The statistical population consisted all of students in University of Kashan in academic years 2018-2019 (N=8727) that by using Cochran Formula and strafied randomized sampling 240 ones were chosen as sample. To gathering data’s used from standard psychological capital questionnaire with 24 items, standard academic burnout with 15 items and standard cultural intelligence with 19 items. Questionnaires construction & content validity confirmed. Through Cronbach alpha coefficient, questionnaires reliability were estimated equal to 0.93 for psychological capital, 0.90 for cultural intelligence and 0.95 for academic burnout. Data’s analysis done in two level descriptive & inferential statistics through Spss, Lisrel & Amos software’s. Finding showed mean of variables and components of psychological capital and cultural intelligence were higher than average and mean of components of academic burnout was lower than average. Correlation coefficient showed psychological capital (r=0.60) and cultural intelligence (r=0.31) have significant & negative effect on academic burnout in students. Regression coefficient showed only psychological capital have predictability academic burnout in students.

This study was proposed to compare the personality components and the internal and external religious beliefs of adolescents with and without high-risk behaviors. The method used to conduct such comparison was a post-event or causal-comparative type. Do to so, considering Cochrane table, a sample of 338 adolescents with high-risk (168) and without high-risk (170 persons) behaviors were selected and their characteristics were verified using Short Personality Questionnaire (1985) and Allport Religious Orientation Questionnaire (1967). The obtained information were statistically analyzed by one-way variance analysis (MANOVA). According to the obtained results of the statistical analyses, significanltly different personality components and internal and external religious beliefs were found in adolescents with and without high-risk behaviors. Accordingly, it could be concluded that meaningful relationship exists between the high-risk behaviors and either personality traits or internal and external religious beliefs of adolescents, thereby, more investigations would be required to better understand such mutual interactions to be able to be used to control and manipulate high-risk behaviors of the adolescents.

Critical thinking as a social skill is an active, purposeful and organized cognitive process which one uses to test the thinking of oneself and others carefully and to illuminate their understanding and understanding of events. Critical thinking is a way of giving meaning to the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of critical thinking training on cognitive distortions and academic meaning in Medical students of tabriz university medical sciences The statistical population of the study was all male medical students studying in basic sciences and physiopathology in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 1398-1398 . In a pilot study, 40 male students were randomly selected from the list received from the Medical faculty Education office and were randomly assigned into two equal groups. experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute critical thinking training. Both groups completed interpersonal cognitive distortions scale (ICDS), Hamamchi and Buyuk osturk (2004) and academic meaning questionnairy (Henderson-King & Smith, 2006) as pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measure design with SPSS software . Findings showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in interpersonal cognitive distortions and academic meaning of male medical students. In other words critical thinking training significantly corrected interpersonal cognitive distortions and students' academic meaning (p <0.01). The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that critical thinking training had a significant effect on interpersonal cognitive distortions including subscales (unrealistic expectation in relationships, rejection in relationships, interpersonal misconceptions).

Gender stereotypes have a decisive role in shaping human attitudes toward the capabilities of mens and womens frome a long time ago, and in particular the differences between these two gender. But often the data and results of scientific research are in contrast to what gender stereotypes have taught usThe purpose of this study was to compare the gender stereotypes of superior thinking in men and feelings among women among students. The present research is a descriptive and comparative study. The statistical population included 12,000 students of Islamic Azad University. 370 people were selected as sample size by stratified random sampling. The Tools used in this study were the Spence-specific personal characteristics questionnaire (PAQ) and the Myers-Briggs Species Questionnaire (MBTI). Research data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential using SPSS software and the independent test and covariance analysis. The findings of this research include: There is a significant difference between male and female students in the functions of thinking and feeling. Female students have higher scores on feelings and male students have higher scores in the function of thinking. There was no significant difference between male and female students in the functions of intuition and thinking. So, it can be concluded from the research findings that womens in choose between thinking and feeling often prefer valuation through feeling.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of mother-daughter relationship in relation between familism and self-derogation, educational motivation, and self-esteem among first and second high school students in Masjed-Soleiman. The statistical population of this study was first and second high school students in Masjed Soleiman, 250 of them were selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Measures used in this study were Attitudinal Familism Scale, Academic Motivation Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire and Parent-Child Relationship Survey. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive significant correlation between familism and educational motivation, self-esteem, and mother-daughter relationship and negative significant correlation between familism and self-assimilation. After eliminating two irrelevant paths, the final model showed good fitness. The results of path analysis showed that familism through mother-daughter relationship had direct and indirect effect on academic motivation. In addition, the results showed that familism through mother-daughter relationship had indirect effect on self-derogation and self-esteem. Living with familism values and putting the family before the individual may develops a sense of belonging. Familism values include building close relationships with extended family members, showing love and affection, seeking advice from family members in times of distress, having the responsibility, and thinking about the family when making important decisions can facilitate quality of family interactions, specially relationship between mother and girl. This process may be the basis of mental health and other successes in students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parental stress and Stigma with parental-child dimensions in mothers with autistic children. The research was a fundamental type and a research design was a correlation study. The population of this study included all mothers of autistic children Special centers for Autism were Esfahan. To this end, according to the criteria for entry and exit, 85 women with autism spectrum disorders were selected. Parents stress (PSI) (1990), Stigma (1394) and mother-child questionnaire(MCRI) (1996) were completed by mothers of these children. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The findings indicated that the Stigma and stress of the parent did not significantly predict acceptance, over-support and ease (p <0.05), and only the Stigma predicts meaningfully rejection (R = 0/267, P <0.05) and the parent's stress did not predict significant rejection (p <0.05). Multiple correlation coefficient for admitting 0.07 for rejection was 294.0, for an ease of 0.150 and for excess support of 0.179 . According to the results, it can be concluded that delusional social just predicts autism in mothers of adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to predict the marital satisfaction of men and women based on the variables of approach motivates, avoidance motives of sacrifice and sacrificing behaviors of Ahwaz women and men. In order to achieve this goal, 300 couples were selected using available non-random sampling method. The questionnaires included perception of sacrifice measure (PSM), Decent sacrificing motives (SM), and Relationship Scale (RAS) Completed. The design of this research was descriptive and correlational. The results showed that in the male sample, among the predictor variables, the variables of sacrificing behaviors and avoidance motives of sacrifice have the ability to predict marital satisfaction, and also in the female sample, among the predictor variables, the variables of sacrificing behaviors, and the approaches motivates have the ability to predict marital satisfaction. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that a group of variables in men such as sacrificing behaviors and avoidance motives of sacrifice have a more decisive role in predicting marital satisfaction, and also in women, a range of variables such as sacrificing behaviors and approaches motives has a more decisive and important role in predicting marital satisfaction. Identifying and working on these variables will have an important role in marital satisfaction and family relationships.

The current study aimed to investigate the role of cyberspace in the spread of cosmetic surgeries among women. The research design was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women above 18 years old who referred to cosmetic surgery clinics in Lahijan city and had undergone cosmetic surgeries in 2019. Using available sampling method, 30 women who referred to beauty center and had undergone cosmetic surgery were selected as the as the samples of study. The comparison group included 30 women over18 years old who had not undergone any cosmetic surgery. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire called pathological use of cyber space was used to collect data. Independent samples t- test and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The results showed that pathological use of cyberspace is different between women who have done cosmetic surgery and those who have not undergone it. Also there is no significant difference between women with or without cosmetic surgeries. Moreover the rate of pathological use of cyber space, among women who have had associate or lower degrees did not differ significantly from women who had bachelor or upper degrees. The result of study showed that cyberspace plays a role in spread of cosmetic surgeries among women with different levels of education. The results of this study can be used in beauty clinics to identify and consult with women who seek cosmetic surgery duo to the pathological use of cyberspace.

The present study examines the life experiences of unemployed girls aged 30 to 40 single in Tehran. This research has been done with qualitative method and descriptive phenomenological type. The research community of single unemployed girls were thirty to forty years old in Tehran. Among them, a sample of 17 girls were selected as target sampling in 2017. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview. To analyze the information, the Colaizzi’s seven-step content analysis method was used. The main contents extracted from the interviews showed that negative and positive pressures caused by celibacy can be divided into individual, family and social dimensions. According to the results of this study, delays in the marriage of girls over 30 years of age cause various stresses at the individual, family and social levels, which may endanger a person's mental health. Another finding of study found that depression and anxiety were one of the consequences of celibacy in girls over the age of 30, which was fueled by unemployment and the negative attitudes of society and those around them.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of problem solving skills training on reducing shyness and increasing academic achievement motivation in students with special learning disorder (dyslexia) in elementary school girl in Tabriz.

The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population consisted of female students with dyslexia in the 4th grade of Tabriz District 4 in the academic year of 1977-2009. Thirty students were selected through purposeful sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. 15 patients were replaced for control group. Chick-Briggs Shyness Questionnaire, Hermes Progress Motivation Questionnaire, and Nausaf Reading Test were used for data collection. Problem solving skills training was provided for the experimental group but not for the control group. Statistical analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that problem solving skills training affects shyness and academic achievement motivation in students and decreases shyness and enhances academic achievement motivation in students with specific learning disorder.

Therefore, problem solving skills training plays an important role in shyness and motivation of students' academic achievement. Keywords: Academic Achievement Motivation, Shyness, Problem Solving Skills, Dyslexia