نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1399)

Abstract Language as a fluid and flexible interpretation, privileges hidden and evident capabilities. The continuity of life for a language vocabularies usually related to the incompatibility of different language levels of that tongue, based on this some of the poets resort to the art of Art of metaphor, While consolidating placement of vocabularies in the language, to keep away any hastily Speculation. The intention of the writer from word identification is to pale or sometimes even disappear the certain meaning of vocabularies which results in considering metaphor. Hafez is one of the kinds of poets who, not only revived some of the words from black holes of aberration, rather with a new representation of its own age with the utilization of continuity based approach; built a new cultural and social model. In this regard in his verse, we meet multiple words such as: <<anywhere, Sore eyes, open mouth, Conspicuous, Ostentatious, Round rep and etc is meant wild >>. Which with paling the certain vocabulary meaning; topped them up… and with his own Interpretation makes them much more valuable and meaningful. So this article aims to analyze some of these examples in Hafez lyrics. And answers to this question that: how we can resort to the art of metaphor to acquire this identity in vocabularies?

since literary schools represent a component of social, political and cultural cycle, they can be considered as one of the most important criteria for understanding: the style, the literary characteristics and the critical points of the literary works in different periods. the first appearance of "Naturalism" in the persian literature con be found in the comstitution ages. Ahmad Mahmood is one of the best representive of naturalism whose style shows that he successed to Illustrate the principles of Naturalism in his works what are the most important principles of Naturalism in "The Sea is still calm"?, is the main question in this article and the research method is an analystic – descriptive one. Ahmad Mahmood's attention to: "physiological aspects", "breaking the false respect of words & phrases", "denial of freedom", "descriptive and colloquial style", "detailed descriptions and detail" "the limitation of physical abilities", "the human characters with animal habits", and "the tragic end of the story", cause a naturalism atmosphere and show the undesired situation of his society. so, "The Sea is still calm," is a literary reaction to economic weaknesses and shortcomings.

Writing scholarly articles and developing interdisciplinary topics in relation to them have been of interest to researchers in recent years. One of these topics is the reflection of the science of psychology in literary works and its adaptation to the new theories of psychology. In this article, emotional intelligence and humor and humor skills in the garden are reviewed and compared with today's science of psychology. In the garden, Saadi pursues the process of life towards moral and human evolution and uses the storytelling to express the best ways of living and, using imagery style, seeks to provide solutions to improve human relationships and behaviors. Saadi's goal in Bostan is to better educate all members of society, at any age, status, and with any social class, in order to achieve happiness and a healthy life. Approaches today, known as Emotional Intelligence, about eight hundred years after the beginning of the novel, include techniques for coping with social complexity and personal decision-making that lead to a positive outcome and a favorable situation. The study states that Saadi was aware of this skill and presented it to his audience with emotional imagery, which today is in line with the theories and skills presented by current psychologists.

Intertextuality theory is one of the new approaches to reading and criticizing texts. This theory first draws from Ferdinand Saussure's semiotics and examines the relationships between the texts. Because in every text there are references to earlier works; In other words, new texts are the product of pre-existing texts. Gérard Genette has consummated the theory of intertextuality. Genette divides intertextuality into three categories, which can be examined in the form of: Explicit and announced presence, hidden, not explicit or implicit presence of one text in another. In this article, the “Ilahi nameh”'s anecdotes are first classified according to this theory, Then the earlier text of the anecdotes is found in the works of the sixth century, After that, the intertextual reading of anecdotes is presented based on the theory of genetics intertextuality in these three areas, along with examples, practical analysis of similarities and differences in terms of volume, characters, goals of the two authors and rhetorical points between the anecdotes. According to this study, eighteen intertextual “Ilahi nameh”'s relate to sixth-century works. In these three modules, there are 14 cases of explicit intertextuality, of which twelve are "Aqd" and one is "Eqtebās". There were also four cases of intentional-hidden intertextuality and one case of implicit intentionality.

The present article aims to analyse Charisma in Atab-al-Katabeh book as well as in Joveini’s Jahangosha History. Besides their historical efficacies, these two books are among the most valuable Persian books which are considered, from the abundant literary and social information, as the most authentic and most worthwhile Persian books. Charismatic myth is of the most basic skeletons of political thought in ancient Iran and as one of the main component of the Utopian king, as well. Charisma is the donation of celestial authentication and the shine which beams on everyone’s heart, outmanoeuvres of all. Due to beam this shine, oneself could become king and of crown meritorious. Since the ancient time afterwards, Charismatic myth had involved numerous alterations and divergences both in quality and function. The research findings have indicated that belief-in-Charisma in two given books have perked in kings related macro-incidents and some of their features and behaviours. In the present research, the researcher has shown charismatic glitters in four obvious usages of Charisma word of which the charismatic visual appearances, self-working charisma, and charismatic appearance are demonstrated as celestial authentication through content-analysis method as well as the library-based resources.

Farokhi Yazdi,is mentioned as one of the premier ones of political literature and also one of the humanity poets of constitution period and the first Pahlavi.He imparts of traditional models for the freedom concepts,equation and patriotism.However his fame is because of his political odes,his quatrains is also noticeable.The poesy method of Farokhi in most cases is like the method of return;lt means the usual method of poets until the 8'^h century,specially Sadi,that sometimes it 's mixed with the trait of Safavi period. Farokhi's poem from the statement view has two kind of phrase and structures:one,phrases and structures of classic oral;2^n~,new moral phrases and structures.However,because of the necessity of messaging,the constitution period poem hadn't have fiction figures and literary elegances,in the poems of Farokhi and some other premier poets of this period like:Bahar and Eshghi,naturally and because of their profuse zeal,literary elegances andelegance fiction figures is used. Exept them,the main traits of Farokhi Yazdi poem are:newspaper poems and his impression power in his offhand poems,expressing the liberalism ideas,striggling,autarchy,nationalism,newquesting,communalsociety,proletarianliterature,suberranen literature,mythology symbols usage and classical methods and the prison poem,that the mentioned cases are considered with analyzing bureau's poems and the Toofan newspapers of him.

Many believe that translating Child and Adolescent's literary works is a very simple job and a good translation of Child and Adolescent's works is simply the replacement of words and the relative adherence to the sentence structures. But this is not true because translation is a very complex process and is influenced by many factors such as the type and manner of expression in the original text, the translator’s ability to convey the content and above all the tone. Therefore, in the present article, an attempt has been made to investigate the issue of tone in translating Child and Adolescent's literary works with a comparison of the translations of The Little Prince by Mohammad Ghazi and Ahmad Shamloo. The results show that there are weaknesses in selecting the appropriate tone for chidren and adolesencts by the tow translaors. Because Ghazi used very formal sentences that are suitable for adults and on the other hand, Shamloo used colloquial language and conversational sentences that are not suitable for children and adolescents.