پژوهش نامه تاریخ اسلام
سال نهم شماره 35 (پاییز 1398)

Abbasid caliphs have always used boon-companions in planning affairs, making policies and spending time. Boon-companions has been accompanied by caliphs at most of the court ceremonies especially feasts, and sometimes at consultation meetings and acted according to their skills, knowledge and abilities depending on the circumstances and the caliph’s desire. The main question of the study is that how was boon-companions position and function in Abbasid court? This study by analyzing data and reports of the first-hand references has indicated that boon-companions sometimes had dominance over caliphs, and interfered in the affairs of the country by their views and suggestions. Moreover, due to the close relationships with caliphs, they were influential in social affairs according to the personality, adequacy and court’s conditions. Similarly, in regard to economy, boon-companions due to their relationships and companionships by caliphs gained enormous wealth by receiving various gifts and tips and even high-ranking governmental positions and were among the properties of the court.

Ḥadīth is considering as the most important source to know the religion of Islam after the Quran. Therefore, studying Ḥadīths is necessary to know Islam teachings in respect of beauty, art and recognizing art condition in the early Islamic period. However, little attention is paid to Ḥadīth in art studies. For having the most out of Ḥadīths, obstacles and restrictions confronting the art researcher should be considered first. The main question of the article is that what are the obstacles and restrictions confronting the Islamic art history researcher for using Ḥadīths? In this study, it was indicated that Islamic art historiographer confronts serious problems and obstacles due to differences between the contemporary horizon and the horizon of Hadiths expression and compilation and different requirements of these two worlds, the issue of dating and validity assessment of Ḥadīths regarding art, the issue of understanding vocabulary regarding art in the first centuries of Islam, and visual language differences with written language and its influence on using Ḥadīths in the reconstruction of early Islamic centuries artistic world. Thus, the Islamic art researcher should go to Ḥadīths with the knowledge of leading restrictions not to have misconceptions and superficial analysis.

Zaidiyyah ruled for a long time from 284 to 1382 AH in Yemen. Among political, cultural and social factors affecting the survival of Zaidiyyah    in Yemen, the role of Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq is undoubtedly undeniable. This study seeks to investigate what was the influential factors on the political power of Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq government in the third century? Consideration of these factors can be applied to make patterns for Islamic governments. This article by analyzing historical data based on library resources found that Zaidiyyah Imams by imitating Prophet's seerah, succeeded to attract the mass and promote their cultural and social levels. In this study by explaining components and criteria underlying government’s socio-political strategies and analyzing domestic factors and Yemeni people's tendency toward Al-Hadi, it was indicated that Al-Hadi has paid considerable attention to Islamic teachings specially Zaidi Shi'ite jurisprudence and theology.

Tribal rivalries, the election of a religious leader, and fanaticism to Mālikī's religion initiated Al-Murābiṭūns movement in the 5th century AH in Morocco. After gaining power, Al-Murābiṭūns needed to adopt domestic policies proper to their position to survive and succeed over domestic opponents. They were able to use Mālikī's jurists’ capacities comprehensively in government structure, including the judiciary. This article by considering Al-Murābiṭūns commitment to Mālikī's religion in the administration of the country seeks to consider how they used religion in domestic policies including administrative, economical, martial, and cultural affairs. Research findings indicate Al-Murābiṭūn religious fanaticism in domestic policies and shift away from religious positions. Al-Murābiṭūn eliminated the opponents by the accusation of apostasy by bowing to the Abbasid caliphate and gaining legitimacy as well as gaining religious approval from the jurists.

Qajar kings were of Shi'ite religion and tried to stay loyal to the Shi'ite. Therefore, Shi'ite ulemas were reacting to Qajar kings’ socio-political changes. In fact, Shi'ite ulemas function regarding Qajar period events was due to their jurisprudence thoughts. Consequently, in this study Kashif al – Ghatta’s jurisprudence thought and political function regarding Fath Ali Shah Qajar was taken into consideration to clarify that to what extent Shi'ite Qajar kings sovereignty was legitimate? Findings of the research indicate that Kashif al – Ghatta has accepted Qajar king legitimacy due to political considerations and time necessity. Therefore, his thought, like that of the previous ulemas, is viewed as to legitimize the fair king actions, and Kashif al – Ghatta was interfering in political affairs intending to establish an Islamic government. The result of this thought caused adjustment of Kashif al – Ghatta’s jurisprudence consideration and personal tendencies and acceptance of the legitimacy of Qajar kings and Fath Ali Shah.

Iraq was established in 1921 as a result of World War I changes and direct interference of colonization. At that time, the authority was possessed by the Sunni nationalists who were supporters of Arab unity. The main question of the study is that how did Arab nationalism affect the expansion of Iraq social gaps? The hypothesis of the study is that the main factor affecting the expansion of Iraq social gaps was Iraq rulers’ acceptance of Arab nationalism and their attempt to assimilate the society within Arab nationalism. This study by analyzing library data indicates that from the beginning of establishing the government in Iraq, the minority group of Sunni, who were supporters of Arab nationalism, gradually dominated the structure of the government, authority, and society. In order to overcome identity problems, Iraq rulers attempted to attract other ethnic-religious groups in Arab nationalism. Consequently, Kurds were influenced by Arabization policy and Shi'ites were put aside from power under the excuse of lacking commitment to Arab nationalism. Government policies regarding tribal identity also added to problems of society. Attention to archaism for overcoming the identity problem of society has also increased Iraq social gap.