فصلنامه جامعه پژوهی فرهنگی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

This study, based on the Critical Realism paradigm, investigates the social contexts and structures and causal mechanisms which lead to men's cosmetic surgery in Tehran and their dialectical relationship with human agency. The methodology of the research is based on Amber Fletcher's  three-step method includes  description, deduction and retroduction. For this purpose, two groups of data were collected: the quantitative data which extracted from previous national surveys and the qualitative data that obtained through in-depth semi-structured interviews with cosmetic surgeons (n = 10) and the men who have received cosmetic surgery services(n = 14). The findings show that body image dissatisfaction, increasing of self-esteem, social approval  and better social communication were among men's internal motivations for proceeding cosmetic surgery. The women and  celebrities has acted as men's external encouragers. Limited surgical centers, reducing the gap between cosmetic surgery costs and middle-class income, a lack of diversity in accepted forms of identity displaying, Increasing growth of virtual social networks, the booming cosmetic surgery market, and  diminishing social importance of religion, have provided necessary contexts and social conditions for men's aesthetic surgery. The transition of Iranian society from traditionalism to modernism, medicalization of the aesthetic field, increasing  growth of materialistic values, policy of releasing  the medical space of  the community by the Ministry of Health, growth of self-centeredness and the decline of generalized trust were among the social structures and causal mechanisms which emergenced and expanded  men's cosmetic surgery in Tehran.

The purpose of this article is to examine the elements of Iran's national identity in the course of historical development. Iran possesses a long-standing historical national identity, which had emerged out centuries prior to emergence of European national states, has been able to maintain its durability and dynamic throughout history. The point here is concentration on those constituents which have played a key part in this formation and durability, i.e. Iran`s territory, ancient history, religion and religious beliefs (especially Islam), governance and political heritage, rich and dynamic culture, Farsi literature, Iranian myths and the element of Tendency to justice, Right and Freedom. These elements, as historical foundations of Iranian entity, have formed a particular united identity for Iranian people and acted as the most important indicators for being Iranian in various critical situations throughout history, as in nowadays. These constituents are, therefore, the very factors that make modern-day Iranians bound together and to their national identity, as do to their ancestors. It should be noted that this article uses a descriptive-analytical method.

This article seeks to address the process of formation and hegemony of the  Westoxification discourse in Iran. In identifying the mechanism of conflict and social conflict, Laclau and Mouffe's theory of discourse is one of the most effective methods that has been chosen as the framework and strategy for the forthcoming research. Relying on this theory, we find that the Westoxification discourse, the image of the Westernist discourse of modernism and modernization, is a picture of the increasing divisions and divisions of subjects' identities formed during the domination of the Western industrial industrial paradigm and economic-political dependence. After presenting such an image and using the grounds that it creates in creating instability and restlessness in the discourse of the government, using the sign of "originality and identity", he rejected and marginalized the signs of the Western discourse of the government and by alienating from the West, it provides the necessary conditions for the comprehensive dismantling of its rival discourse and its hegemony.

Vandalism or the voluntary destruction of public property is one of the social damages that have always caused enormous damage to society and especially to schools. In this regard, in the present study, the experiences of the Pars Abad high schools teachers and students of vandalism , studied with sociological approach and did in a qualitative manner through semi-structured interviews. The Statistical Society of research was Pars Abad high school teachers and students in Ardabil province that chose 56 individuals of them for simple size. These individuals initially were selected through purposeful sampling and continued through the snowball method for focus groups of teachers and students until information saturation. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The findings showed that vandalism is seen in both Physical (hard) and non physical (soft؛ in real or internet space) forms in the high schools in terms of focus groups. Also, the main factors according to those focus groups interviews in importance order are: the sense of impunity and discrimination, socio- economic status, differential association, socialization level of interviews and individual factors.

In this paper, the relationship between nationalism (ancient, civil and religious) with ethnicity and ethnicism variables among the ethnicities (Tat, Turk, Turkmen, Fars and Kurds) residing in Bojnourd was investigated. A sample of 500 persons was selected randomly among men and women aged 18 and over living in Bojnourd. The results showed that among the tested variables only two variables of religion and gap generation have significant relationship with ancient nationalism and the other variables have no significant relationship. Also, among the tested variables, only the relationship between the two variables of gap generation and educational level with religious nationalism is significant. Civil nationalism had no significant relationship with any of the variables tested. The relationship between ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational level and gender was also significant and other variables had no significant relationship with ethnicity. At the end, it can be said that the tendency towards civil nationalism is the first and foremost priority of the people of Bojnourd, and then ancient nationalism and religious nationalism are their next priorities. There is also a weak and positive relationship between ethnicism and the three trends of Iranian nationalism

Improving the level of media literacy in Iranian society, especially for parents in order to inform their children about the use of cyberspace, is a necessity for our culture, politics and national security. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation according to the nature of the data. The statistical population of this study included parents living in Tehran who had children between the ages of 6 and 18 years. A sample of 384 people was sampled using multi-stage cluster sampling method and a questionnaire (researcher-made) was used. Education in 5 components, effective communication and media socialization of each were examined in three dimensions. In general, the average dimension of education and media socialization from the perspective of the research sample is at a good level and the effective communication dimension is above average.The findings showed that most of the Tehrani parents studied were women, employed, with a bachelor's degree or higher, and that the results of the training affected effective communication and media sociability, leading to media parenting among Tehrani parents.