نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 48، خرداد 1399)

This rapid, narrative review summarizes useful evidence from behavioral science for fighting the COVID-19 outbreak. We undertook an extensive, multi-disciplinary literature search covering five issues: handwashing, face touching, self-isolation, public-spirited behavior, and responses to crisis communication. The search identified more than 100 relevant papers. We find effective behavioral interventions to increase handwashing, but not to reduce face touching. Social supports and behavioral plans can reduce the negative psychological effects of isolation, potentially reducing the disincentive to isolate. Public-spirited behavior is more likely with frequent communication of what is “best for all”, strong group identity, and social disapproval of noncompliance. Effective crisis communication involves speed, honesty, credibility, empathy, and promoting useful individual actions. Risks are probably best communicated through numbers, with ranges to describe uncertainty – simply stating a maximum may bias public perception. The findings aim to be useful not only for government and public health authorities, but for organizations and communities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of expressive art group therapy on internalized problems and emotional-functional profiles of parentless and poor-parenting children. The design of this research was quasi-experimental, pre-test, and post-test with the control and sham-control group. The study's statistical population consisted of all parentless and poor-parenting boys from three to five years old living in one of the centers of Golestan Ali Family-like Center in Mashhad city. Thirty boys selected by the convenience sampling method were randomly divided into the intervention group, the sham control group, and the control group. The experimental group received expressive art group therapy during eleven 90-minute sessions, while the sham-control group participated in eleven 90-minute computer training sessions. The control group didn’t receive any intervention. Multivariate covariance analysis was used for data analysis. The instruments of this study were Greenspan emotional-functional profile questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The results of MANCOVA on pre and post-test scores showed that there is a significant difference between variables of emotional-functional profile (P< 0.05) and internalized problems (P< 0.05). Thus, the mean of functional-emotional profile scores in the experimental group after receiving intervention increased significantly compared to the control group. The scores of internalized problems significantly decreased compared to the control group. Besides, the improvement in the scores of functional-emotional profile and internalized problems in the experimental group were more than the sham control group. According to the results, and expressive art group therapy model can be considered as an adequate intervention for improving the internalized problems and emotional-functional profile of children.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two methods of training emotional regulation skills and working memory exercises on the reading performance of students with reading disabilities. The method of this study was experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all students with a reading disorder, who had been referred to counseling centers of the Tehran Education Directorate in spring of 1396. Then, these students were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 (one control group and two experimental groups). An interventional program for training emotional regulation skills and work memory exercises was conducted on the experimental groups in 10 sessions. Sampling was done by simple random sampling. Also, for assessing reading difficulties, the revised IQ Wechsler scale was used for children in the third edition, and the reading and dyslexia test was used. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The findings showed Training of emotional adjustment skills and work memory exercises both at the level (p˂01/0) has been effective in reducing the reading difficulties of students with reading learning disorder. However, the effectiveness of working memory training method was more than that of emotional adjustment skills, and this difference was statistically significant. Both educational and interventional techniques are effective in solving the reading problems of primary school students with learning disabilities.

This study aimed to compare was to compare the executive functions of inhibition, updating, and shifting in children with Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. The design of the present study was in the frame of Casual Comparative. Participants comprised 60 boys (30 ADHD and 30 SCT) from 4th-grade elementary schools in Tabriz in 1398-1399 academic years, which were selected through a screening method using the Child Behavior Rating Scale (SNAP-IV) and the SCT scale. Then, Stroop, memory retention, and plus-minus tests were performed on samples to measure inhibition, updating, and shifting. Manova was used to data analysis via SPSS20. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in executive functions of inhibition, updating, and shifting (P<0.0001). Moreover, Anova and means of the two groups showed that children with ADHD have deficits in inhibition, and children with SCT have gaps in updating and shifting. Based on the research Background and the findings of this study, it seems that SCT strongly associated with abnormal activity in posterior networks related to impaired updating and shifting and ADHD related to unusual activity in frontal-parietal systems related to impaired inhibition.

Elderly people are getting more evidence of death from physical changes, higher rates of illness and disability, and the loss of relatives and friends. Experiencing some anxiety about death is normal, but, like other fears, it weakens adaptability if it is too severe. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sense of coherence and ego strength with death anxiety in the elderly. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all non-resident older people over 60 years old in Tehran. Among them, a sample of 200 people was selected by purposeful sampling. Data were collected using the Death Anxiety Questionnaire Templer (1970), Ego strength Questionnaire Markstrom et al. (1997), and sense of coherence Questionnaire Antonovsky (1987). Finally, after data collection, the data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with the Enter method. The results showed a significant negative relationship between ego strength and death anxiety in the elderly (r = -0.22, P <0.01). There was also a significant negative relationship between sense of coherence and death anxiety in the elderly (r = -0.18, P <0.01). Ego strength with a beta coefficient of -0.19 and a sense of coherence with a beta coefficient of -0.15 negatively and significantly predict death anxiety. Finally, it can be concluded that ego strength and sense of coherence are among the variables related to death anxiety in the elderly and can predict it.

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate difference of adaptability and domestic violence in families with children with mental illness chronic and regular in Borujen City. The statistic population of the study included all families with children who have chronic mental illness admitted to daycare centers (girls and boys) in Borujen City including 180 people that among them 30 girls and 30 boys with chronic mental illness were randomly selected and they compered with 30 girls and 30 average boys. The method of this study was casual – comparison. The research tools were two Domestic Violence Questionnaire and Olson Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-IV. The finding of the research was analyzed using inferential statistics and analyzed by SPSS software. The conclusion showed that the difference between the groups in unconditional coherence, balanced and violent behavior in two groups of children with chronic mental illness, and couples with healthy children are meaningful. The results of the research showed that the average dimension of unconditional coherence and violence in pair with a healthy child is higher than couples with chronic mental illness. And the average dimension adaptability of couples with children with chronic mental illness is higher than those couples with healthy children. Conclusion This study showed that adaption in families children with chronic mental illness is less common among family members, and domestic violence is more than this family.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mobile phone harmful use and internet addiction with the emotional divorce of female teachers in Kermanshah. The statistical population of this study included all married female teachers in Kermanshah city in 1969-97. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 269 people were selected as sample based on Morgan's table. The questionnaire for injuries They came from the Genaro mobile phone, the Kimberley Young Internet addiction, and Gutman's affectionate divorce. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Simultaneous regression analysis was used to predict emotional divorce. The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the vulnerable mobile phone use variables were 57.74 ± 20.71, 40.32 ± 14.35 and 40.92 ± 14.35, and 9.9 ± 4.63, respectively. There is a positive and significant correlation between the harmful use of mobile phones and Internet addiction with an emotional divorce score at the level of <0.001 <. Predictive variables are 0.35 of the emotional divorce variance. Therefore, according to the results of this study, emotional divorce is predictable based on the use of mobile phone harmful and Internet addiction, and it can be predicted from the underlying conditions and people at risk of mobile phone harmful use and internet addiction. Emotional divorce prevented.

Bullying in school has marked significant effects, including short-term and long-term psychological effects, on victimized students. Therefore, it is highly essential to identify potential risk factors and protective factors. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between social competence, social preference, and students’ victimization. This study was descriptive with correlational design. The statistical population included all 13-15-year-old students (N = 11910) in Kashan, Iran. Cochran formula was used to estimate the sample size, and 414 students (202 females & 212 males) were selected based on multistage cluster sampling. The participants filled in Illinois Bullying Scale (2001) and Smart and Sanson’s Social Competence Questionnaire (2003) and sociogram. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that victimization has a significant correlation with social competence, social acceptance, and social rejection. Moreover, regression analysis indicated that social rejection directly and social competence inversely demonstrated the highest power in predicting victimization, respectively. Hence, taking measures to improve students’ interpersonal relationships and help them acquire a desirable social status, avoid social rejection among their peers, and increase their social competence can reduce students’ victimization.

Architecture is the art of constructing a space that is perceived and appreciated by human beings. The need for conventional and identifiable areas in architecture is one of the most important qualitative features of human life. According to studies of the sciences related to the psyche, the subconscious contains social and individual memories of past forms and forms. Therefore, in dealing with some spaces, one quickly feels familiar and close, and in others, a sense of home. In this paper, the question is whether looking at the process of forming mental schemas from space in the subconscious and how new data can be adapted to it can be profoundly familiar. And the identity of the paying area?  In this research, an interdisciplinary study of the subconscious is done in the field of psychology and architecture. Then the mechanism of its impact on the way of knowing architecture is examined. The research method is qualitative, which is first collected as library and documentary material in the field of psychology, and subconscious cognition and the stages of perception and cognition in the human mind, and then analyzed analytically, and then examines how space is understood by One is useful in creating qualities such as "this identity and identity." And the unconscious human being as the primary source of memories and influence on human behavior and choice needs more attention and consideration in the future design of architectural spaces.

Depression and anxiety are common psychological disorders, and due to the high prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders, this study examines the brain waves on non-verbal diagnosis and identifying depression and anxiety disorders. According to previous research, a decrease in alpha wave activity is predicting anxiety disorders, and an increase in beta and theta activity in the front of the head can predict the likelihood of anxiety disorders and depression.

This research aims to compare the effectiveness of meta-cognitive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on the function of families with children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. The research method is semi-experimental that is accomplished using pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. This study population includes parents with ADHD children who have been referred to counseling centers in Ahvaz in 1397. The sample consisted of 60 parents. Subjects were randomly divided and replaced into three groups of 20 people (10 couples) consisting of two experimental and one control group. The tools of this research were the Epstein, Baldwin, and Bishop Family Assessment Questionnaire (1983). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that both acceptance and commitment therapy and meta-cognitive therapy were effective in the function of the families. Still, the meta-cognitive treatment had a more significant impact than acceptance and commitment therapy. This research has discussed the findings and the reasons for impact difference.

The purpose of this study was to predict obsessive-compulsive symptoms based on anxiety sensitivity and social problem solving. This study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was all women referring to medical centers of Rasht in 2018 from which 167 patients were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Anxiety Sensitivity (ASR-R) and Social Problem-Solving Questionnaire (SPSI). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that anxiety sensitivity and social problem solving had a significant relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (P<0.01). Anxiety sensitivity (ß=0.47), positive orientation (ß=-0.25), negative orientation (ß=0.33), avoidance problem solving (ß=0.36), impulsive problem solving (ß=0.69), and logical problem solving (ß=-0.47) significantly predicted obsessive-compulsive symptom (P<0.01). The results indicate that the more anxiety levels decrease and social problem-solving increases, the greater the degree of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients. Therefore, therapists need to pay more attention to the social and anxiety dimensions of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The present study examined the relationship between language and literacy activities at home in the pre-school years with the emergence of reading abilities. Home literacy environment before and after going to school is measured with a short or high Questionnaire, administered in personal interviews with the students or their parents. Researches show that there are such differences in different components of the Home Literacy Environment Questionnaire between students with and without RD with diverse gender and SES levels. Furthermore, moderate to strong correlations were found between children’s reading skills and Home literacy activities at home before and after going to school. These correlations are both in students with and without RD. However, there are fewer correlations in students with RD. The correlation coefficient is seen between the Home Literacy environment before going to school, and reading skills were more than the ones of Home Literacy Environment after going to school.

The film can be analyzed in different aspects as an artwork and it will expand the understanding of the film. Little research has been done in the field of film analysis by psychology researchers in Iran. The aim of this research was to Analysis of “The Salesman” Film based on Psychosocial Concepts. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and is among qualitative research. “The Salesman" film was selected using Purposeful sampling method. To collect data the film was first viewed several times carefully in different time intervals And Psychosocial concepts were extracted, and then they were analyzed based on scientific approaches and research evidence. Also the extracted concepts were studied by four specialists in Human Sciences and their supplementary comments were applied in this study. The findings showed that the film contained the concepts of boundary, change, promiscuity, rape, forgiveness, temptation, lie, social interest, marital skills, divorce, violence and judgment. Examples of these concepts are described in the film and then they were analyzed and explained.

The presence of homosexual clients in counseling centers is undeniable. But, what is the rate and reason for the referral, and how do mental health professionals treat these clients in Iran are the questions that define the purpose of this research. This research was done with the phenomenological method with the participation of 15 gay men in Tehran and through a semi-structured interview. The results showed that 93% of participants had attempted to change their sexual orientation. Still, only 53% went to counseling that In their opinion, the counselors did not use the correct practical framework in this regard. Counselors were also divided into two groups; 25% who considered homosexuality is natural, and 75% believed it as a disorder. Results are that Most participants wanted to change their orientation. Still, not only most of the participants took the wrong way to improve their direction, but even their counselors took the wrong approach, too, that the results of both are fruitlessness and confusion for client and counselor. So it seems that until Iranian experts do not reach a common point of homosexuality. Until they do not pay attention to it through a cultural approach, the client's satisfaction does not increase, and they do not receive any useful psychological services.

Homosexuality refers to the emotional, sexual, and romantic attraction of a person to his or her same-sex. In some societies, this orientation is legal and natural. In some, it is a crime and disorder that can be related to the philosophical and etiological view of this orientation. It can effect laws, politics, and psychology in that society. This paper was down with using library studies and taking notes and reading documents and collecting scientific material in international journals about the etiology of homosexuality in Persian and English languages in 1970-2020. The findings show that genetic factors, brain anatomy, hormonal, environmental, educational, and psychological factors are involved in this tendency's etiology. Still, there is no agreement on them, and for every gay person, there seems to be a sole cause in etiology. The conclusion is that there are two general and conflicting views. The first view admits that this orientation is more natural. Therefore this natural orientation should not be prevented, and the second view admits that this orientation is more nurture. Still, even if it is natured, a person must control her or his sexual behavior. This means that the person has the power of authority to do or not to do this behavior. It is hoped that by recognizing these issues, useful, professional, and ethical psychological services will be provided to gay clients.