فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 76 (بهار 1399)

The issue of welfare and the reduction of poverty and inequality has always been one of the concerns of policy makers in the field of Socioeconomics. As a result, external shocks such as sanctions on household welfare need serious consideration.

This paper examines the effects of unilateral US sanctions on the welfare of urban and rural households using the matrix multiplication and the calorie intake for different income groups. Then, using its results and raw data of the Households Income and Expenditure Survey, the indicators of headcount poverty rate and Gini coefficient for the period of 2002 to 2018 are calculated. Finally, the effects of sanctions on household welfare are shown based on the theory of “Pareto optimization”.

The major findings of the study imply that after the 2010 sanctions, calorie intake had a downward shift from the first decile to the fourth decile. The trend of poverty after 2011 with the intensification of sanctions has shown an increasing pattern. Since 2013, the pattern of income inequality, under the influence of the foreign exchange market and the subsequent return of sanctions, has had a negative effect on the welfare of Iranian households.

Achieving economic and welfare goals requires determining the target community for supportive receipts. Deregulation of the business market and convergence between policies and laws are among the most important ways to reduce the negative effects of sanctions on the welfare indicators of Iranian households.

The purpose of this study was to identify living experiences of dual-career couples as regards financial issues.

This research was done by qualitative approach and by the method of interpretive phenomenology. In this study, the researchers selected and interviewed 12 dualcareer couples with snowball sampling and 12 dual-career couples with marital conflicts through purposeful sampling. Interviews were analyzed using the Dicklman, Allen, and Turner’s (1989) method, which is team-based.

Analyzing the participants’ experiences led to the identification of two main themes under the heading of financial conflict (with the sub-themes of absence of financial preference, inappropriate financial relationships, absence of financial commitment, weakness in financial skills, individual financial management, and financial violence) and financial compatibility (with the sub-themes of lack of financial preference, optimal financial relationships, financial commitment, joint financial life, and equal financial skills).

The results of the study showed that the scope of financial issues in the lifestyle of dual-career couples is not limited to talking and arguing about money and budget. Moreover, what is more important than financial challenges and money-related disputes is how such couples understand these financial problems and the way they deal with them. The dual-career couples also can move toward financial sustainability with the help of appropriate prioritization indicators, appropriate financial relationships, financial responsibility, team-based financial life, and financial skills acquisition.

Symbolic violence is a type of violence against women, in which violence has come out of the obvious and physical aspects and has become secret and symbolic.

This study is a qualitative study based on the Grounded theory of 15 deep interviews among educated women in Mashhad city.

20 main categories and one core category were extracted from data encoding in this study. The concept of “Women’s agency in the face of symbolic violence” was called the core concept. And other categories include the involvement of husband’s relatives, Subjective orientation of spouse’s marital activity, Instability in norms of marriage life, Accessibility of Supplements, Accessibility of complementary supplements, Increasing awareness among women, Socio-economic equality as the causal condition; Also the persistence / shakiness of family life, the perpetuation / descent of women in the family, the level of domestic violence and the calm / confusion of the family environment As a consequence, data from this research were extracted.

Middle-class women with resources such as public and university education, and better access to financial resources, social protection, and legal authority have made it impossible for their husbands to realize the potential for overt and direct violence. But a more subtle and covert form of violence is experienced by women. In the meantime, there is a kind of feminine management and agency in women, which is cleverly designed to eliminate or at least alleviate the symbolic violence in the field of married life, so that it minimizes costs for their husbands.

Divorce is a phenomenon that affects not only families but also society in general. There are some people who change their minds after applying for divorce. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the perception and causes of divorce among women.

the phenomenological method was used in this qualitative study. For this purpose, 12 divorced women in District 14 of Tehran were voluntarily and purposefully selected in 1396, these were the applicants who had given up their decisions as regards divorce. The data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews.

The findings of the study were categorized into three main classes: 1- Perception of women during the time between application and renunciation, most of them referred to the period before returning to cohabitation as a dangling state of extreme suffering which was categorized into two main classes of negative perception and logical perception 2 - Reasons for renunciation of were categorized into seven classes of children, lack of support, new opportunity given to them, negative attitude of society towards divorced women, fear of loneliness, use of counseling services, and having dependent personality. 3- Looking at the current life (after renunciation), it was also categorized into three classes of hopeful and satisfied, hopeful and dissatisfied, and disappointed and dissatisfied most of whom were unhappy with their marriage.

According to the results obtained, it is worth mentioning that the number of women who have given up divorce is not small, but it seems necessary to improve and enrich the lives of these women through providing them with necessary training. Besides, counseling before divorce can also be helpful.

Divorce as a social problem has many social, emotional, and economic consequences for children; however, these issues, despite their importance, have not been addressed from children’s viewpoint yet. Some studies conducted in other countries show the unexplained and unknown knowledge of these children by the scientific community, and this fact has put more pressure on the children. Accordingly, this study attempts to take the first step in solving the problems of divorce children, which is their recognition.

This research was conducted using Grounded Theory and a in-depth interviews with 24 children of divorced families whose age range was 13-18.

The common experience of divorced children is described in “Suspension and rejection “, which is the result of a disorder in the social, family-related, and other living spaces of a person, and despite the use of different adaptive strategies by the children, they are unable to adapt to situations, and it has many social and psychological consequences for them.

In the event of divorce, if the changes in the child’s life are more likely to be stressful, the child’s living space will be slightly resilient, and the child’s ability to use effective strategies will decrease, and the consequences of divorce will be harder and more harmful. Accordingly, along with efforts to reduce divorce in society, it is suggested that “divorce with less harm” be considered. The social environment and social issues should be such that society does not act as a crisis for the child. Eliminating the label of divorce and divorce children is the first step towards achieving a safe society for this group of children.

The purpose of this study was to identify the components and characteristics of a new model of academic guidance: applied to the social well-being of high school students in Iran by Fuzzy Delphi method.

The research method was descriptive. According to the purpose defined it is of the applied type. And based on its method, it was survey research. The population of the study consisted of experts, teachers and selected advisors and experts in the field educational guidance in high schools. Data were collected using interviews and questionnaires and Fuzzy Delphi technique was used. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 26 people who were selected by non-random sampling method.

The results showed that, out of 18 identified components, 13 components included: regional preparation (9.35), media-social network (9.35), job market futures (10.82), interest (9.36), student internal control (10.41), attitude components (10.41), persistent personality traits (9.9), valuable system (10.44), counseling power (10.44), teacher power (14/61), standardized test power (11/90), parental management and skill (11/36), and organizational factors empowerment (11/36), all of which were significantly higher. than (8.94) and has been selected as the main components in the formation of three indicators of personality, social, technical and skill of the new model of high school educational guidance.

Realizing the goals of the research, using the Fuzzy Delphi method, it is possible to identify 13 components out of the 18 main components of high school educational guidance and in three indicators of personality, social, technical and skill.

Statistical facts show that Iran’s Social Security Organization (SSO) Pension System will face financial deficits soon. Therefore, a set of plan reforms, aimed at achieving financial stability, is needed. Reforms are also generally carried out at two levels of parametric and structural.

In this study, parametric reforms in terms of changes in retirement conditions and changes in pension indexation have been investigated. For this purpose, a population model for Iran has been drawn, and based on that the status of SSO members has been estimated from 2015 to 2090. Then, based on the available data, the financial stability status of the system is evaluated in two scenarios: either continuation of the existing situation or conducting the parametric reforms.

The results show that without reforms, the system’s deficit will increase over time and will reach more than 5.1 percent of GDP until 2050. In this situation, to keep the pension system stable, the contribution rate increased to 60.7% of wages, but if reforms were implemented, the deficit would be delayed until 2052.

Nonetheless another question raised, that is, how these reforms would affect retirees’ welfare. For this purpose, we define the Replacement Rate as an index which measured the welfare of retirees. The simulation shows that although the replacement rate for the whole system has decreased, but for the system members individually, the replacement rate has changed slightly, indicating that this type of reform has not had a significant effect on reducing the retirees’ welfare.

This study investigates the factors affecting crime in the Harandi neighborhood of Tehran.

The present study was conducted using case study method. Research data was collected through various data gathering methods, such as surveys, secondary data, previous studies, and observations. In order to investigate some causal factors and mechanisms of the theoretical model, 370 residents were selected using random sampling method, and survey questionnaires were distributed among them.

The results show that the structural characteristics of the neighborhood such as poverty, residential instability, ethnic heterogeneity, mixed land use patterns, disrupted structures caused by weakening social relations, the power of the dominant culture and increasing number of disorders, shaping the cultural framework of legal cynicism, and undermining collective efficacy led to crime-ridden neighborhood. In other words, the Harandi neighborhood has become crime-ridden because the neighborhood’s collective efficacy or self-regulation capacity has been disrupted. Under these circumstances, residents would not be able to to mobilize their resources to fight against crime through informal and formal processes.

The findings imply a set of factors that weakened collective efficacy and self-regulatory capacity has made Harandi neighborhood become crime-ridden. Crime has also, under some circumstances, enhanced collective efficiency and in some sections of the neighborhood has weakened community life and collective efficiency

World population has encountered a major challenge called “population ageing” or “ageing tsunami” in the recent decades. The phenomenon roots in some factors including decrease of population growth rate, and the youth migration to cities. Field observations show that the rural ageing, in the rural areas of Badreh County, changed into a hidden social problem that has not been comprehensively addressed. Thus, this article aims to examine dimensions of the phenomenon.

The data were collected by means of grounded theory techniques, especially interview as the main technique, and observation, participant observation, and statistical data as complementary ones. In doing so, we have interviewed 21 people aged 65 and over, 12 women and 9 men, living in six rural areas of Badreh County, Ilam.

The findings indicate the elderly who live in the rural areas have been experiencing tough ageing. Poor social interactions, feeling of loneliness, lack of education, high degree of economic dependence on others including their families and supportive institutions, decline of social status, poor health, time suspension, and continuous change of occupations are the salient indices of this kind of rural ageing.

Rural ageing phenomenon may not be congruent with western ageing theories such as activity, disengagement, and continuity, mainly because the elderly keep going their previous activities, as far as they can, but those do not represent a successful ageing. The people are socially and economically dependent on their own families so they try to work to avoid higher level dependence on others or as a compensatory strategy.