نشریه شهر تاب آور
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1398)

In the event of a crisis, appropriate decisions for helping the crisis regions play an important role in reducing life and financial loss. This paper aimed at using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to optimize relief to critical regions that are required specified resources by vehicles on road networks of the country. To meet this goal, network analysis including optimum path finding and optimal resource allocation are needed. The optimum path between rescue stations and critical regions is achieved by taking the travel time as the weight of road. Moreover, the optimal resource allocation is obtained by introducing a proposed objective function with minimizing time and cost criteria. Both data management and presenting of the results are accomplished by the GIS. As a prototype system, the proposed approach is implemented and assessed in Yazd province.

Providing information layers including the most important means of facilitating land use in urban areas are in the process of crisis management. Urban management based on their knowledge and information layers of the urban side, preclude a broader crisis. Remote sensing technology and fast as science and technology plays an important role in the production of information. Urban effects and a wide detection of satellite images have useful applications in various fields, including automating the process of identifying and extracting data from images and update database information system locations. The purpose of this research is to introduce and implement automated way to extract information congested urban land cover in the region, based on object-based methods and analysis in the context of satellite images with high spatial resolution. After the proposed procedure hierarchical segmentation process, to produce the texture descriptors for each of the events will be discussed. The method proposed in this study was 86% overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 0.83 satellite image was obtained for the detection of complications city.

Humans settlements have never been safe from disasters. So as to the principles of passive defense should be considered in their constructions and developments. Urbans have a lot of important areas, one of which is historical and depressed fabrics. These areas not only play an important role in increasing identity and sense of place, but also locate in the significant parts of cities with a variety kind of land uses. It is possible to follow the principles of passive defense through their regeneration plans. This research carried out with the aim of analyzing the role of passive defense in this plan. Kashan regeneration plan has been selected as the case study of this research done by content analysis as one of the qualitative methodologies. The consequences of this research show that although, there was the opportunity of associating passive defense’s principles with these fabrics, no significant consideration was done.

Airports are thought of as one of the symbols of development in societies. The civil airports are now taken into  account as valuable assets in each country all over the world, however, the most subtle disorganization in its     performance, or any damage to their formation shall result in tremendous material and spiritual losses. The    recognition and gradation of threats facing either field is the first action to take for the accomplishment of the passive defense studies. In the present research, the threats that are likely to occur in the civil airports were graded. This   research is placed among those applied-developmental ones in terms of the type of research; however, it is descriptive in the view of the essence of research. Thus, in the stage of the deliberate human-made threats facing the civil airports, either library method or qualitative interview methods were used. Moreover, to evaluate the assets and threats, the quantitative questionnaire method coupled with the presented technique from the Federal Agency of the US Crisis Management, the hierarchical analysis method was used. The research findings indicated that the threat of air and missile raids is the main threat to the civil airports. The other fifteen threats taken out from the specialized texts were respectively graded within the main components of the civil airports. However, such a gradation was done on the basis of five indexes of “the damage intensity”, the enemy’s capability”, the target’s attractiveness”, “the negative   outcomes for the enemy”, and “the threat’s precedence”.

Nowadays, geodetic networks have a significant contribution in safety during constructing and operation in urban constructions. They could prevent a terrible disaster by detecting and alarming any displacement in important        constructions. The detection of unstable and stable points is an essential part in computing displacement in geodetic network, because misdetection leads to datum defect in geodetic network. Then, the detected displacement will be questionable. In order to detecting stable and unstable points usually two important methods are used:A. General  stability test in geodetic networks, B. Minimizing the norm of displacement vectors. The main goal of this paper is the comparison between two mentioned methods and  assessing their advantage and disadvantage.

Green spaces, stadiums, which are part of the area with natural vegetation or paved areas or buildings protected against their will. This space as an integral part of considerable importance in enhancing athletic stadium and gymnasium are environmental sustainability .Access to items such as camouflage, concealment and deception, reduces the intensity of the blast wave, energy storage, Frmdhy and deformation, Control of natural consequences, preventing runoff Various, raising per capita green space, and so on, such that the resulting performance gains will be green spaces. In this study, green space and its role in the defense of liberty stadium has been a non- factor. Methods In this study library field and the use of questionnaires and chi square test was used Research findings show that all questions related to the parameters of green space, at a significance level of 0.05 percent certified, meaning that all of the   questions, the probability is close to one hundred percent approved. The study showed that green space Azadi Stadium plays a key role in passive defense.

The holy shrine of first imam of shia, Ali-ebn-abitaleb (peace on him), has brought boom and kingdom to najaf city and made it pantheon for self-interested. Najaf city has been of interest to everyone due to presence of that imam and the elders of science, jurisprudence and hadith and was one of the most important Islamic cities. Importance of this great divine capital and its development plan as Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra’s courtyard, on one hand and the presence of a million people, specially on special and religious occasions which make its protection at critical levels and also the history of threats of holy shrines especially in recent years, on the other hand, doubled the necessity of  special  attention to the care and protection of this spiritual infrastructure against different threats. So serious attention to the consideration of passive defense considerations in the development plan of the Alavi Shrine (Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra’s courtyard) will give immunity and it will be a component of the superiority of power and security, at the time of the threat. In this paper Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra’s courtyard in najaf city was considered for study range and its   vulnerabilities was investigated with a look of passive defense and solutions to decrease vulnerabilities in different part of courtyard was presented.