نشریه تعالی حقوق
سال دهم شماره 2 (زمستان 1397)

One of the important effects of the fight against terrorist crimes is the dominance of security over fair judgment, which in the light of this prevailing approach, governments prefer to prosecute perpetrators of terrorist acts outside the rules of international law and at their own discretion. The response of governments to dealing with terrorist offenses is not limited to rigorous initial investigations, but most criminal laws provide for the trial of terrorist offenses in special or exceptional courts, and even in states where terrorist offenses are tried in ordinary courts. Take; Their executive laws specify the existence of special rules for these trials. In this article, with the method of description and analysis, we examine this confrontation comparatively in the legal system of Iran and the United Kingdom, and the result is that the differential trial in terrorist crimes under the pretext of maintaining security, has led to violations of civil rights. However, the observance of the citizenship rights of the accused in all necessary crimes and in accordance with the rules of human rights is guaranteed in the constitution.

The UK Finally in pursuance of a referendum at June 2016 made a decision to exit from European Union and announced it to the European Union at the end of march 2017. Undoubtedly the separation of The Britain from EU will have significant political, legal, economical, cultural and social effects on the issues inside the territory of each party, the relationship between them and also between them and other states all over the world. Furthermore, this separation will have great influence on the international order which should be considered unavoidable. This article in order to cover the legal aspects of Brexit, is intended to consider the consequences of Brexit on the international law. It is obvious that the separation will cause remarkable differences in human rights, environmental law, the law of investment and the related issues considering the European common market and commercial contracts. Moreover, Brexit is important as a law-making process since it could change the contractual obligations of The European Union itself and at last it seems that brexit has a significant influence on world community and international law as a whole.

Infringement of the invention is the violation to the patent of the owner the patent, and occurs when person, alone, uses all of its claims. advancement of technology has led to specific type of patent infringement that is known in US law as joint, distributed, or divided infringement. In US judicial procedures, there are certain challenges in relation to finding of joint infringement. American courts have used various criteria to address this problem; agency, some connection, joint action, control or direction and enducement-only, are tests that courts have been used., it seems that, the main criterion in the us is "finding existence of relationship", which appears in the form of different criteria. In Iranian law, due to the absence of single entity rule, joint infringement the invention is under the rule of case of civil and criminal aggregation of cause and perpetrator, and can be said that will end such challenges by implementing principle of liability of the perpetrator. This issue is considered to be the advantage of Iranian law toward the United States. In this study, attempts to explain the concept of joint infringement, to analyze US legal standards in this regard, and to clarify the position of Iran.

The territorial boundary conflicts considerably allocates to main parts of international court of justice decrees.in order to settlement of such conflicts ,the court firstly should seek to creditable boundary agreements and if they found,other reasons and ducumentations put asided.secondly,the international court of justice addresses to uti possidetis juris and thirdly-if the principle could not to be enforced-addresses to the legal principle of effective control.uti possidetis juris is applied in post-colonialism situations by international court of justice,and despite the chances the court had no interested to apply the principle at other situations such a post-mandation applying the principle considering the contemporary international system which devoted to peace and order is an efficient instrument for stabilities of boundaries and consolidation and ensure and restoration of international peace and security .this article analyzes and describes the position ,characters and results of the uti possidetis juris,by using a descriptive and analytic method.

The present study seeks to investigate the effective components of crime reduction in Iranian judicial complexes by changing the construction of these complexes with elements of environmental design, especially Iranian environmental design. Avoidance of Iranian architecture today causes monotony, depression and consequently crime. This article examines the reasons for creating tension and mainly crime in the field of Iranian judicial complexes and its purpose is to study the principles of environmental design and crime prevention methods while maintaining the beauty, importance of these places and providing suggestions for its projects to The shape is correct. This research is qualitative and the method of analyzing information in the form of criminological arguments. Studies show that the distance from the preventive principles of Iranian architecture can lead to crime, especially insults, quarrels, thefts, etc. around or inside these complexes.