نشریه عیار پژوهش در علوم انسانی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Fitra means the special nature and creation of man. Dedicating to human beings, non-acquired nature, commonality among all human beings, invariability in specific temporal and spatial conditions and civilizations are among the main important features of nature. Hence, nature is a reliable, independent and unchangeable source of knowledge. The status of nature in methodology of the humanities is the main question of this paper. It seems that nature is the most prominent method of understanding the humanities. Identifying the strategy of Islamic humanities, the creation of humanities propositions through this source of knowledge i.e. "nature", as a comprehensive theoretical and practical model, has been discussed. Using a deskresearch and descriptive-analytical method this paper is proposed. Nature has three meanings, from which the information that guides man's special creation is the basis of research. To use nature as a source of knowledge in the humanities, one must use self-cultivation. The obtained scientific propositions in this way can be closer to reality and truth. Obtaining the knowledge of humanities from other paths, can cause several deviations in the evolution of Islamic humanities.

Explaining the basics of religious science is one of the first and basic steps in the production of religious science. One of the effective foundations in the production of religious knowledge is the value-based foundations of religion. Allame Tabataba'i is the first scholar who explained the nature of the posited notions and considered the moral concepts and propositions and religious laws as the posited notions which have been posited by God. These notions and propositions are effective in all stages of science production, including goals, hypotheses, judging theories, and the epistemological and ontological of scientists. This paper seeks to express how these value-based concepts affect the production of religious knowledge based on Allame's viewpoint.

Researching and analyzing difficulties and impediments of dealing with individual and social problems is one of the secret of success in human life and in resolving the upcoming problems. In case of being faced with problems in life, human beings are always looking for a resolution to their problems. Sometimes, we can overcome a problem easily by learning from past experiences. But, sometimes we cannot overcome complicated knotty problems with that ease and they need in-depth scientific research and scholarly analysis of the causes and roots of those problems. However, there are some approaches to resolve problems as well as research on it: psychological, sociological, economic, political, etc. This study is conducted with a theoretical, analytical, psychological approach aiming at analyzing the role of motivation, lack of it and having a high motivation in research.

Fundamental methodology is a theory proposed by Professor Parsania that explains the process of development of scientific theories. Using a documentary research method, the relationship between this theory and the five components of depth, degree, level, purpose and dominant factor in the social determination of knowledge and also the relationship between epistemological foundations and non-epistemological principles in this theory has been studied in this paper. The findings indicate that, while believing in transcultural knowledge, the fundamental methodology does not consider all types of knowledge to be influenced by society and also believes in transcultural knowledge. This theory assigns a causal role to epistemic factors in the content of knowledge, but assigns a causal role for non-epistemic factors in the secular and material cultures and a preparatory role in the revelatory and rational cultures. In the relationship between science and society, this theory also believes in the strategic capacities of some sciences in changing social conditions in favor of the growth and prosperity of sciences. For example, the science of jurisprudence, in three fields of politics, judiciary and economics, brings rare social resources, power, wealth and dignity, even when there are no suitable non-epistemic factors for the growth of science, or at least prepares the ground for growth or preservation of science.

Ayatollah Ali Ahmadi Mianji, a contemporary Shiite scholar, author and a seminary professor in Qom, was skilled in various sciences such as interpretation, jurisprudence, history and hadith. As a moral jurist, following personal or doctrinal motives, he has left behind historical writings in variety of topics. Analyzing the manner of dealing with various topics, this study extracts the approach of this great scholar in his book the Makatib al-Rasoul. The findings show that, compiling the sources and copies of the letters and dealing with their quality and the method of their sending, he examined the Rajali and the addressees of the letters. Explaining the history, conflicts and describing the words and expressions under each letter are among the other features of this book. Using a narrative and analytical method and adopting a theological and historical approach this book is complied.

While defining behaviorism, this paper reviews and then critically analyzes the effects of this theory on the principles of the humanities in case of purpose, issues and methods of the humanities, especially psychology from the perspective of Islamic humanities. Such studies seem necessary for the construction of Islamic humanities, because a detailed explanation of Islamic theories is based on recognizing the competing theories. The method of this research is rational. The findings show that the subject, purpose, issues and the method of discussion of behaviorism in humanities are completely material and experimental. These results are rejected from the perspective of Islamic humanities.