پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال نهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1399)

Javad Mojabi is one of the most successful satirists in the contemporary literature, especially the genre novel. Grasshopper Night is a humorous novel with a cinematic structure which is centered on war, destruction and death that is a valuable work in terms of reflecting events, facts and problems which related to war. The work is literary, conversational, and humorous. In addition to the humorous language, the author uses the techniques of humor to criticize war and many social, cultural, and intellectual issues. In this research, an attempt has been made to identify and to investigate the most important humorous techniques that the author has used and has made the novel as a literary factor in humor. In addition to identifying the author's humorous techniques, this has led to a clearer and more prominent intellectual and thematic aspect in the work. The results show the techniques of humor such as: discourse contradiction, lexical inconsistencies, unusual actions, unexpected arguments by the narrator, irony and situational contradiction, hyperbole (through descriptions and the introduction of surreal elements), degradation (descriptions of spaces and people) and the use of humorous expressions. These ways often serve the main themes of the novel; anti-war issue has been used with war and the critique of the old thoughts and the ideas of the society and have made this work more attractive.

Feminism is a social movement which began in the late eighteenth century with the aim of eradicating gender discrimination in Europe and the United States, and it has passed through three different stages, many groups and trends have emerged from it. With the advent of feminist ideas in the field of literary criticism, feminist criticism was established in the late 1980s, which analyzes the literary works through the interplay of “images of woman” and “criticism of female writer”. This study is based on feminist criticism and using descriptive-analytical methods as well as library references, “images of woman” and “feminine signs of writing” in Mary Jahani’s novel This Street Has No Speeding Bump < /em>. The results indicate this work exhibit the necessity for women’s financial independence along with their cultural-social barriers on female employment, male dominance over women, paternalism, men’s sexual diversity and infidelity, physical, psychological, sexual, economic and legal violence against women and early marriage are the key issues and problems of women in the patriarchal societies. Furthermore, meticulousness, prolixity, nostalgia, complex narration, and the search for true love, which are the major characteristics of feminine writings and styles, are readily found in the novel.

Whereas Lacan's theory of psychoanalysis, as a form of interpretation as well as a theory of language, identity, and subject, has had a profound effect on the literary studies; This study intends to analyze the short water stories of The Ultramarine Blue”as one of the open and interpretable texts in this criticism. The results show that in the darkest parts of the hero’s psyche in Mandanipour's stories, other small objects replace the image of the mother in order to alleviate the pain and suffering of this split, even if it is only temporarily; but these displacements will not heal the wound caused by that split; thus, the subject's search for finding, is ultimately accompanied by failure and depression, and hence all of the stories finish with sadness and despair. This despair is the product of the protagonist's awareness that the values that govern the symbolic system (in a progressive and modern society) are absurd and they are associated with the lack; therefore, it causes them to lose their dignity. They deeply want to return to the first stage, and they want the same union again, and to implement them, they turn to other small objects that fail in all of the cases; thus in these stories Lacan's idea that the subject can never attain that former union has been realized.

One of the elements that has an important and relatively new application in criticism and the analysis of content and the structural aspects of literary works is the discussion of motif or idea or knowledge of theme. The recognition of this element which is a common term in Persian art and literature, is one of the important literary categories due to its motivating and reproducibility nature. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the works of Sadegh Chubak, one of the novelists of the 1320s, from the perspective of using the motif and explaining its position and functions; because in the collection of his works, we encounter the elements such as chains, fear, hostility, stinginess, cold and frost, tossing, poverty, etc., which are placed in the field of motifs and they are repeated and beyond that repetition, the author inspires his mental intentions to the audience and he wants to solve the problems of the society by bringing that theme. Also, after mentioning the introduction about the author and the types of motifs, we will try to show the process of these meaningful elements, which express the feelings, concerns and worldviews of the authors, in two dimensions: human and world.

Stream of Consciousness is one of the modern storytelling techniques in which the author writes a novel and a story by presenting a raw plot, without linear order, censorship and selection, it consists of the characters' minds and memories. Thus, the technique of Stream of Consciousness of mind has a specific definition that cannot be equated with inner monologue, or any kind of mental narrative that has a narrative order. Therefore, the study of those works that may be in the field of novels and stories of the Stream of Consciousness of mind can be very useful for achieving a correct understanding and the definition of this style of storytelling. Swiss author Christophe Simon's novel Walker Zibinden is one of the stories that has the special narrative features due to its mentality, the lack of linear order, and censorship, etc., which can be an excellent example of using Stream of Consciousness. This research is done by library method and sample analysis, an attempt has been made to show how the components of Stream of Consciousness of the mind in this novel are examined based on the examples from the text of the story. The results of this research indicate that many features of the novel The Stream of Consciousness of mind is in the form of such things as: lack of linear order, dramatic time, ambiguity, the types of free and constrained associations, the omniscient point of view ... clearly appeared in this novel, so much that it can be claimed, this novel is in the group of novels of Stream of Consciousness.

Gothic fiction literature is a kind of story writing based on the art of Gothic architecture sculpture created before Romanticism in the late of 18th and at the beginning of 19th centuryA.D. This literary genre is based on human’s mental and emotional problems, religious ceremonies, legendary animals, quite horrific atmosphere, and the aspects of phobia and anxiety of the human mind. This Persian method of writing has been used by some writers like ‘Gholam Hosein Saedi’. He has emphasized on the mental aspects of human and his depth of emotions. Accordingly, we can search for the roots of western Gothic literature in his modern fictions. In this research, the components and elements of fiction ‘Azadaran Bayal’ by Saedi have been investigated based on the components or elements which have been used in the Gothic fiction, ‘The Mask of the Red Death’ by Edgar Allan Poe, and it is determined that many elements existing in the fiction of ‘The Mask of the Red Death’ such as ‘death’ as the main tem and other elements like ‘exotic’, ‘darkness’, ‘voice’, and ’blood’, as strong Gothic elements, are used by ‘Saedi’ in creating a formidable and awful atmosphere with a different creative method.